Propylparaben

Evidence by route

About this ingredient

Propylparaben (propyl ester of para-hydroxybenzoic acid) is a long-chain paraben. Used as a cosmetic preservative for over 70 years. Where applied. Creams, toners, shampoos, mascaras (EU concentration up to 0.14%). Since 2014 the EU has restricted propylparaben and butylparaben (long-chain parabens) – max 0.14% each, 0.8% all parabens combined. Denmark banned them in products for children under 3. Controversy. SCCS 2013 published a review: long-chain parabens (propyl, butyl, isobutyl, isopropyl) show estrogen-like activity in vitro – binding to estrogen receptors 100-1000 times more weakly than estradiol. Systemic studies (Aubert 2012) in humans showed parabens in blood and urine, indirectly reflecting topical absorption. Direct link to breast cancer (Darbre 2004) was criticised methodologically; SCCS did not recognise the risk. Out of caution, cosmetic use is restricted. Safety. Contact dermatitis in 0.2-0.5% of the general population (Schnuch 2018). In eczema patients – up to 1-2%. Pregnancy and lactation – use with caution. EU 1223/2009: propylparaben and butylparaben banned in leave-on products for the nappy area in children under 3 (theoretical estrogen exposure risk during development). In pregnancy and lactation – avoid concentrations above 0.14% over large skin areas. Methylparaben and ethylparaben (short-chain) are safer and remain allowed without restriction.

Tolerability and safety

Skin types

Frequently asked questions