Sodium salt of benzoic acid, food preservative E211. Suppresses yeast and mold growth at acidic pH, often pairs with potassium sorbate.
Topical application
CWeak evidence. In vitro data, open-label studies, or expert consensus.
Mild preservative with a long food and cosmetic safety record. Works only in acidic media, so often complements other systems.
Sodium Benzoate (E211) is the sodium salt of benzoic acid. A natural substance (present in cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, cinnamon, cloves at up to 0.05%), widely used as a food preservative. In cosmetics it suppresses yeast, mold, and some bacteria at acidic pH. Where applied. In preservation systems with potassium sorbate (the classic 'benzoate + sorbate' pair) in toners, cleansing gels, creams at pH 3-5.5 (0.2-0.5%, EU limit 2.5%). In Spain – mass-used in brands with 'clean beauty' positioning that avoid parabens and phenoxyethanol. Work condition – acidic pH. Sodium benzoate is active only at pH below 5 (preferably 3-4.5) because the undissociated benzoic acid form is effective. In creams at pH 6-7 (e.g., regular emulsions) sodium benzoate is ineffective. Formulators account for this. Benzene controversy. Sodium benzoate in acidic environment with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on heating and UV exposure can convert to small amounts of benzene – IARC class 1 carcinogen. The reaction was studied in beverages (Gardner 1990). In cosmetics the risk in most formulas is negligible, but in vitamin C products at acidic pH (e.g., freshly opened vitamin C serums left in the sun) it is theoretically possible. EU SCCS Opinion 2018 considered the risk low under typical storage conditions. EWG rates as 'moderate concern'. Safety. CIR confirmed sodium benzoate safety in cosmetics (Final Report 2001, 2017 addendum) at concentrations up to 2.5%. Allergic reactions are rare. In some patients with salicylate intolerance (aspirin sensitivity) sodium benzoate can trigger urticaria flares on systemic use – topical such reactions are few. Pregnancy and lactation – safe. A food preservative, allowed by EFSA in pregnancy products at physiological doses. Topically no restrictions.
Irritation potential
LowAllergen risk
LowPregnancy
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Sodium Benzoate is considered safe during pregnancy at typical cosmetic concentrations. Systemic absorption through the skin is minimal.
Sodium Benzoate suits: normal, dry, oily, combination, sensitive.
Sodium salt of benzoic acid, food preservative E211.
The INCI name is Sodium Benzoate. It may also appear as: E211, Бензоат натрия.
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