Traumatic brain injury

Brain injury from external trauma. Treatment includes neurosurgical care if needed, intracranial pressure management, and rehabilitation.

ICD-10 S061 drug

Also known as: TBI

Marketing claims without evidence base

The drug is promoted for these uses outside international guidelines. Each entry below is analyzed against AEMPS, FDA, EMA, Cochrane and major RCTs.

DCiticolineNot recommended · Other psychostimulants and nootropicsCiticoline is a compound promoted as a neuroprotectant for recovery after traumatic brain injury. Convincing benefit for this use has not been shown – there is no solid evidence that it improves outcomes. What actually makes a difference after TBI is timely care, monitoring, and rehabilitation guided by the treating team. Do not use citicoline in place of treatment with proven benefit, since that can mean missing care that truly helps.

How to read tiers A–F

Evidence tiers belong to the drug-indication pair, not to the drug as a whole: the same substance can be A for one condition and F for another.

AStrong evidence – first or second line in international guidelines
BRecommended in selected cases
CStudy data contradict each other
DBenefit not proven, no documented harm
FDocumented harm, or risk without benefit