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Pregnancy: what is safe, what to avoid

The list is built from the Evigrade database: cosmetic ingredients tagged by safety using AEMPS, EU SCCS and FDA data; drugs mapped to FDA categories and pregnancy clinical notes from FDA labels, EMA and Russian Ministry of Health. Every entry links to the full evidence card with citations.

Quick answer

Ingredient and drug safety during pregnancy is not a yes/no question but a risk-benefit evaluation based on the available evidence. FDA categories A/B are usually safe, C requires a discussion with a treating clinician, D/X are contraindicated. Cosmetics: retinoids, hydroquinone, oxybenzone and aluminum chlorohydrate carry documented risk and are avoided; most moisturizers, cleansers and zinc/titanium oxide SPF filters are safe.

Ingredients to avoid during pregnancy

Ingredients with documented fetal risk or insufficient safety evidence. Includes all known retinoids, chemical UV filters with estrogenic activity, and similar.

Cosmetic ingredients safe during pregnancy

Cosmetic ingredients permitted in pregnancy per AEMPS, EU SCCS and FDA data. Found in moisturizers, cleansers and SPF formulations.

All ingredients in database →

Drugs: what the evidence says

116 drugs with pregnancy clinical notes from FDA labels and Russian Ministry of Health. FDA category shown where registered.

1,5-benzodiazepine antiepileptic

5-HT3 serotonin receptor antagonist

5HT3 serotonin receptor antagonist

Acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor

Acetylated ester of L-carnitine; supplement with claimed neurotropic effect

Acetylated form of L-tyrosine, marketed nootropic supplement

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with allosteric nicotinic modulation

Active coenzyme form of vitamin B12

Active form of vitamin B9, ready for methylation reactions

Alkaloid of Chinese club moss (Huperzia serrata, Lycopodium serratum), a selective reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Registered as a prescription medicine Shuangyiping for Alzheimer disease in China. No marketing authorisation in the EU or USA; sold as a dietary supplement

Allylamine antifungal (systemic and topical)

Alpha and beta blocker (non-selective β + α1)

Alpha- and beta-blocker

Alpha-adrenergic blockers for prostatic disorders

Amino acid derivative; cofactor for long-chain fatty acid transport into mitochondria

Amino acid from green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis), supplement

Amino acids and derivatives. Hepatoprotective agent

Aminoglycoside antibiotic

Aminomonosaccharide; supplement / OTC product positioned as a chondroprotective agent

Analgesics and antipyretics. Pyrazolones

Androgen biosynthesis inhibitors

Angiotensin II receptor blocker

Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB, sartan)

Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (sartans)

Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi)

Anilides. Analgesics and antipyretics

Antacid (aluminium magnesium hydroxide carbonate)

Antiandrogen with progestogenic activity

Antianginal – late sodium current inhibitor

Antibacterial, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor

Antidepressant – melatonin agonist and 5-HT2C antagonist

Antidepressant, irreversible non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-A and MAO-B)

Antidepressant, irreversible non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-A and MAO-B), amphetamine derivative

Antidepressants. Other antidepressants of herbal origin

Antidotes (V03AB17). The drug has one FDA-approved indication – methaemoglobinaemia. Biohacker use is off-label.

Antidotes, opioid receptor antagonists

Antiepileptic – selective sodium channel modulator

Antiepileptic with dual mechanism

Antiepileptic with multiple mechanisms

Antiepileptic, carboxamide derivative

Antiepileptic, hydantoin derivative (sodium channel blocker)

Antiepileptics (other)

Antiepileptics. Barbiturates

Antiepileptics. Carboxamide derivatives

Antiepileptics. Fatty acid derivatives

Antifibrinolytics, amino acids

Antifibrotic agents

Antifungal, triazole

Antifungals, triazole derivatives

Antihistamine + mast cell stabilizer

Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic agents, non-steroids. Other NSAIDs

Antimalarials, aminoquinolines

Antimetabolites, folic acid analogues

Antimuscarinic for overactive bladder

Antineoplastic, oral prodrug of 5-FU

Antineoplastic, pyrimidine analogue (5-FU)

Antioxidant; cofactor of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Antiplatelet agents – P2Y12 receptor inhibitors

Antiplatelet agents (low dose) / NSAIDs (analgesic dose)

Antiprogestins, selective progesterone receptor modulators

Antiprotozoal and antibacterial, 5-nitroimidazole derivative

Antiretroviral, HIV protease inhibitor

Antiretroviral, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)

Antispasmodic, quaternary ammonium belladonna alkaloid

Antispasmodics (myotropic)

Antithyroid preparations. Sulfur-containing imidazole derivatives

Antitubercular, rifamycin derivative

Antituberculous antibiotic

Antiviral – aciclovir prodrug

Antiviral – nucleoside analogue

Antiviral nucleoside analogue for herpes infections (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV)

Antiviral, nucleoside analogue

Anxiolytics (local classification). Russian development.

Anxiolytics, benzodiazepine derivatives

Anxiolytics. Benzodiazepine derivatives

Atypical antipsychotic – active metabolite of risperidone

Atypical antipsychotic – dibenzodiazepine

Atypical antipsychotic – dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist

Atypical antipsychotic – dopamine partial agonist

Atypical antipsychotic – indole derivative

Atypical antipsychotic – thienobenzodiazepine

Atypical antipsychotic of the benzamide class

Atypical antipsychotic, selective 5-HT2A inverse agonist

Atypical antipsychotics

Bee product, secretion of pharyngeal glands of worker honeybees (Apis mellifera), supplement with high allergen risk

Bee product, supplement. Not registered as monomedicine in EU or AEMPS; OTC segment in Italy and Germany

Benzamide prokinetic with combined serotonin and dopamine receptor activity

Benzodiazepines. Short-to-medium-acting anxiolytics

Beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin

Biguanide antiseptic for skin and mucous membranes

Biguanides. Oral antihyperglycemic agents

Bile acid, conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid with taurine. RX medicine in Japan; in EU/US sold as supplement. AEMPS does not register it as a medicine. Not registered in Russia via GRLS

Bioflavonoid, «venoactive» agent

Biologic – interleukin-12 and -23 inhibitor

Biologic – RANKL inhibitor

Biologic – tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) inhibitor

Blood glucose lowering drugs, GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists

Botanical supplement, aerial parts of Equisetum arvense (field horsetail), source of silica and flavonoids; in the EU registered as a traditional-use herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC) for mild diuretic effect; sold on iHerb as silica for «skin, hair and nails»

Botanical supplement, bark extract of African plum (Prunus africana); EMA HMPC traditional-use herbal medicinal product for BPH symptoms; popular iHerb and Amazon «prostate health» category

Botanical supplement, bark of the Uncaria tomentosa vine (cat's claw, una de gato) from Peruvian and Ecuadorian Amazonia; sold on iHerb for immunity, used in Peru for rheumatic pain and peptic ulcer

Botanical supplement, black seed oil (Nigella sativa, thymoquinone); no EMA HMPC monograph

Botanical supplement, Eurycoma longifolia root, traditional Malaysian and Indonesian medicine; sold on iHerb and Amazon as a «natural testosterone booster», adaptogen and aphrodisiac. NOTE: in 2016-2019 the FDA recalled tongkat ali products for lead contamination and adulteration with synthetic PDE-5 inhibitors

Botanical supplement, gum resin of Boswellia serrata (Indian frankincense), standardised by AKBA (acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid); popular iHerb «joint health» category

Botanical supplement, Peruvian maca root (Lepidium meyenii), marketed for male and female sexual function

Botanical supplement, pumpkin seed extract (Cucurbita pepo); EMA HMPC traditional-use herbal medicinal product for BPH symptoms and overactive bladder; sold on iHerb and Amazon for «prostate health» and women's «urinary comfort»

Botanical supplement, stinging nettle leaf (Urtica dioica folium); in the EU registered as a traditional-use herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC) for mild rheumatic pain and as a diuretic; sold on iHerb for «blood detox» and immunity. NOTE: nettle root (Urtica dioica radix) is a different product, indicated for benign prostatic hyperplasia

Botanical supplement, stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica radix); EMA HMPC traditional-use herbal medicinal product for BPH symptoms; sold on iHerb and Amazon for «prostate health». NOTE: nettle leaf (Urtica dioica folium) is a different product with a different profile (rheumatic pain, diuresis)

Bovine colostrum and human-milk glycoprotein supplement marketed as «immune modulator», «iron support» and «antiviral»

Broad-spectrum antiepileptic, fatty acid derivative

Calcineurin inhibitor (immunosuppressant)

Calcium channel blocker with antihistamine activity

Calcium channel blocker, non-DHP (benzothiazepine derivative)

Calcium channel blockers (dihydropyridines)

Calcium channel blockers, dihydropyridine

Calcium salt of D-glucaric acid (food supplement under Spanish RD 1487/2009)

Capillary-stabilizing and venoactive agent

Cardiac glycosides (digitalis)

Carotenoids. Antioxidants for vision

Catechin polyphenol from green tea (Camellia sinensis), supplement. EFSA 2018 limited safe dose from supplements to 800 mg/day due to hepatotoxicity

Central α2-adrenergic agonist

Centrally acting cough suppressant

Centrally acting muscle relaxant

Centrally acting psychostimulant

Centrally acting sympathomimetics

Centrally-acting antiadrenergic agent

Choline precursor, nootropic. Prescription medicine in Italy (Gliatilin, Italfarmaco); not authorised by AEMPS in Spain, sold as a dietary supplement via parafarmacia. Registered as a medicine in Russia (Tsereton, Gliatilin import)

Chondroprotector. Glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate as monoproducts are registered by AEMPS as medicines for symptomatic treatment of mild-to-moderate knee osteoarthritis (Xicil, Pharma Mar; Condrosulf, Condrosan, Bioiberica). Fixed combinations are more often dietary supplements. In Russia, Dona and Structum are registered as medicines

Class Ia antiarrhythmic (sodium channel blocker with intermediate kinetics)

Class Ia antiarrhythmic with antimuscarinic activity

Class Ic antiarrhythmic

Class Ic antiarrhythmic with beta-blocking activity

Class III antiarrhythmic

Class III antiarrhythmic, selective IKr blocker

Class III antiarrhythmics (Vaughan Williams)

COC third generation with gestodene

COC with natural estrogen (quadriphasic)

Cod liver oil: EPA and DHA combined with retinol (vitamin A) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3); registered as a medicine in Spain

Combination nootropic (local classification)

Combination of H1-antihistamine and vitamin B6

Combined enzyme preparations, systemic enzyme therapy (local classification)

Combined hormonal contraceptive, transdermal route

Combined hormonal contraceptive, vaginal route

Combined inactivated bacterial vaccine (Td + acellular pertussis)

Combined metabolic preparations (local classification). Russian development.

Combined oral contraceptives — antimineralocorticoid progestin

Combined oral contraceptives (COC), second generation

Combined oral contraceptives (COC), third generation

Combined supplement: fat-soluble vitamins D3 and K2

Conditionally essential amino acid, NO precursor. Sport and cardio-biohacking supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine

Conditionally essential amino acid, precursor of catecholamines and thyroid hormones

Conditionally essential amino acid; the main nitrogen source for nucleotide synthesis and fuel for enterocytes and immune cells. Normally supplied by dietary protein (meat, fish, eggs, dairy, legumes) and synthesised in skeletal muscle. Supplements market it as a remedy for «leaky gut», post-workout recovery, immune support in cancer patients, and a sugar-craving reducer. Neither AEMPS nor EMA registers it for supplement indications; a specialty drug exists (Endari, L-glutamine, FDA-approved) for sickle-cell disease to reduce pain-crisis frequency – this is a specialised clinical niche, not a supplement. AESAN classifies general L-glutamine supplements as complementos alimenticios.

Cyanobacterium (Arthrospira platensis / maxima), supplement, plant protein source, marketed as «detox» and «superfood»

Cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic

D-enantiomer of aspartic acid, sport and biohacking supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine

Dietary supplement, hydrolysate of animal or marine connective tissue. In Russia and Spain sold as dietary supplement. AEMPS does not register oral collagen as a medicine

Dietary supplement. Glycosaminoglycan produced by bacterial fermentation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus. AEMPS does not register oral hyaluronic acid as a medicine; intra-articular and topical forms (M09AX01, S01KA01) are registered medicines

Dietary supplement. Organic sulphur compound, dimethyl sulfone. AEMPS does not register as a medicine; in Russia and Spain – dietary supplement

Dietary supplements and phytotherapeutics, sabal palm fruit extracts (local classification)

Dietary supplements, carotenoids (local classification)

Dietary supplements, flavonoids (local classification). Also registered in Russia as an angioprotective agent.

Dietary supplements, NAD+ precursors (local classification)

Dietary supplements, plant adaptogens (local classification)

Dietary supplements, plant alkaloids (local classification)

Dietary supplements, plant polyphenols (local classification)

Dietary supplements, polyamines (local classification)

Dietary supplements, redox cofactors (local classification)

Dietary supplements, sports nutraceuticals (local classification)

Digestives. Multienzyme preparations

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor – gliptin

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor

Direct arteriolar vasodilator

Direct oral anticoagulants (factor Xa inhibitors)

Direct serotonin precursor, supplement (not registered as medicine in EU or US)

Direct thrombin inhibitor

Dopamine D2 receptor agonist, ergot derivative

Drug for alcohol use disorder, aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor

Drugs for functional bowel disorders. Antifoaming agents

Drugs for peptic ulcer and GORD. Proton pump inhibitors

Ellagitannin metabolite, supplement. Formed by gut microbiota from ellagitannins in pomegranates, walnuts and raspberries. Synthetic form Mitopure (Amazentis) is patented and sold in EU and US

Endogenous C19 steroid precursor; an EU prescription drug for adrenal insufficiency and a vaginal form (Intrarosa); a freely available supplement in the United States

Endogenous C21 steroid precursor; sold as a supplement on iHerb and Amazon; not registered as a drug in the EU

Endogenous fatty-acid amide (aliamide); in Italy and Spain registered as a complemento alimenticio and «specialty food for medical purposes» for chronic neuropathic pain

Ergot alkaloid, 5-HT1B/1D and alpha-adrenoceptor agonist

Essential amino acid

Essential amino acid, precursor of serotonin, melatonin and niacin. In the UK registered by MHRA as Optimax for resistant depression

Essential nutrient-like substance; precursor of acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine

Essential nutrient, dietary supplement. The basic choline form used in supplements. Not registered as a medicine in the EU or USA; sold as a supplement in Russia

Estrogens — natural and semisynthetic

Estrogens. Natural and semisynthetic estrogens, plain

Fat-soluble vitamin A

Fat-soluble vitamin E

Fat-soluble vitamin K2 (MK-7 form)

First-generation antihistamine (ethanolamine); antiemetic in combination with pyridoxine

First-generation antihistamine with anxiolytic activity

First-generation antipsychotic, aliphatic-side-chain phenothiazine

First-generation antipsychotic, butyrophenone. Used as antiemetic.

First-generation antipsychotic, diphenylbutylpiperidine derivative

First-generation antipsychotics. Butyrophenone derivatives

First-generation cephalosporin

First-generation moderately sedating antihistamine

First-generation phenothiazine antihistamine, strongly sedating

Fixed-dose combination: 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor plus selective alpha-1a-adrenoceptor blocker

Fixed-dose combination: ACE inhibitor plus thiazide diuretic

Fixed-dose combination: ACE inhibitor plus thiazide-like diuretic

Fixed-dose combination: aminopenicillin plus beta-lactamase inhibitor

Fixed-dose combination: calcium salt (carbonate) plus vitamin D3

Fixed-dose combination: dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker plus angiotensin II receptor blocker

Fixed-dose combination: DPP-4 inhibitor plus biguanide

Fixed-dose combination: long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Fixed-dose combination: long-acting opioid analgesic plus peripheral opioid receptor antagonist

Fixed-dose combination: statin plus intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitor

Fixed-dose combination: weak opioid with SNRI activity plus non-opioid analgesic

Flavonoid from chamomile, parsley and celery; supplement for sleep and «anti-ageing»; not registered as a drug by AEMPS or EMA; EFSA has not approved related health claims

Fluoroquinolone antibacterials

Food product rich in inorganic nitrate; sold as a sports supplement and a «biohack» BP-lowering aid; not registered as a medicine by AEMPS

Fourth-generation fluoroquinolone

Freshwater unicellular green alga (Chlorella vulgaris / pyrenoidosa), supplement, marketed for «mercury detox»

GI motility regulator, peripheral opioid receptor agonist

GLP-1 receptor agonists

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist

Guanosine nucleoside analogue, anti-HBV agent

H2-histamine receptor antagonist

Herbal agents for cognitive disorders

Herbal anti-inflammatory agents

Herbal antidepressant supplement, standardised affron® and Safr'Inside® extracts

Herbal antidepressant, EMA HMPC well-established use

Herbal immunomodulators (local classification)

Herbal preparation for PMS, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC). AEMPS does not register as medicine

Herbal preparation for recurrent urinary tract infection prevention. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC). AEMPS does not register as medicine; sold as supplement

Herbal preparation, sea buckthorn berries and seeds (Hippophae rhamnoides); in Russia sea buckthorn oil is a registered medicinal product for topical use

Herbal preparation, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC). In Russia OTC product Hofitol is registered

Herbal product for menopausal symptoms (food supplement under Spanish RD 1487/2009)

Herbal source of isoflavones (food supplement under Spanish RD 1487/2009)

Highly selective α1A-adrenergic blocker

Highly selective β1-blocker with endothelial nitric oxide release

Histamine analogue, antivertigo agent

HIV protease inhibitor / pharmacokinetic booster

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin)

Homeopathic preparation marketed as an immunomodulator (local classification)

Hypnotics. Melatonin receptor agonists

Imidazole antifungal

Imidazole derivatives (antiprotozoal / antibacterial)

Imidazole derivatives, topical antifungals

Immunomodulator for disease-modifying therapy of multiple sclerosis

Immunomodulators, antivirals (local classification). Russian development.

Immunomodulatory drug (IMiD)

Immunomodulatory drug (IMiD), thalidomide derivative

Immunosuppressant, selective inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor

Immunosuppressants, thiopurines

Immunosuppressants. Calcineurin inhibitors

Inactivated subunit or split influenza vaccine

Indole-3-carbinol metabolite from cruciferous vegetables, supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine

Inhaled and intranasal corticosteroid

Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) plus long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) combination with rapid onset

Inhaled, intranasal, and topical corticosteroid

Inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter; as a supplement – amino acid for oral use

Inositol stereoisomer, supplement. Has evidence base in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Inositol stereoisomer, supplement. Usually used combined with myo-inositol in 40:1 ratio

Insulins and analogues (general card; individual products require separate cards)

Interferons (suppositories, local classification)

Intermediate-acting benzodiazepine hypnotic

Intestinal adsorbents (natural smectite)

Intestinal aminosalicylate and disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)

Intestinal antimicrobial

Intestinal antispasmodic, quaternary ammonium compound

Iodine therapy for thyroid function

Iron chelating agents

Lauric acid derivative, supplement. No medicinal status in EU or Russia. AEMPS and AESAN do not register monolaurin as a medicine

Leucine metabolite, sport supplement and for sarcopenia. AEMPS does not register as medicine

Leukotriene receptor antagonists

Lincosamide antibiotic

Lipid-modifying agent, nicotinic acid derivative; vitamin B3 in acid form

Lipid-modifying agents. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Liver therapy (local classification, «hepatoprotectors»)

Liver therapy (local classification)

Locally acting intestinal aminosalicylate

Long-acting dopamine D2 receptor agonist, ergot derivative

Long-acting intrauterine hormonal system (LARC)

Long-acting muscarinic antagonist for inhalation (LAMA)

Long-acting organic nitrate

Long-acting selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonist

Long-acting selective β2-agonist (LABA, bronchodilator)

Long-acting selective β2-agonist with rapid onset (rapid-onset LABA)

Loop diuretic – sulfonamide derivative

Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)

Magnesium chelate with L-threonic acid in a specific stoichiometry; the patented Magtein form, developed as a Stanford / MIT spinout; sold as a «magnesium for the brain» supplement

Medicinal mushroom of Tibetan and Chinese medicine, supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine

Medicinal mushroom of traditional Chinese medicine, supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine

Medicinal mushroom parasitising birch. In Russia OTC «Befungin» registered, in the West – supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine

Medicinal mushroom, supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine

Medicinal mushroom; in supplements – dried mycelium or fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus. Marketed on iHerb, Amazon, and in Spanish herbolarios as a «natural nootropic», nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulant, and remedy for dementia, anxiety, and ADHD. AEMPS does not register it as a medicine; AESAN classifies it as a complemento alimenticio without therapeutic indication. FDA has no approved indication.

Medicinal mushroom. In Japan PSK (Krestin) approved as chemotherapy adjuvant for gastric cancer since 1977. In EU and AEMPS not registered as medicine; sold as supplement

Medicinal plant; EMA HMPC well-established use for mild nervous tension and traditional use in mild chronic heart failure; standardised WS 1442 extract (Crataegutt)

Medium-chain fatty acids C8 (caprylic) and C10 (capric), extracted from coconut and palm kernel oil. Supplement. In clinical medicine MCT is used in enteral and parenteral nutrition in malabsorption syndrome, cystic fibrosis and ketogenic diet for drug-resistant epilepsy. AEMPS does not register it as a monoproduct medicine

Meglitinide – short-acting oral insulin secretagogue

Metabolic agents (local classification). Russian and Latvian development.

Methyl donor; agent for the alternative homocysteine remethylation pathway

Methylation cofactor. In Italy and Germany – RX (Donamet, Samyr) for cholestatic liver injury and depression; in the US and Spain – supplement. AEMPS registers Donamet and Samyr (Abbvie/Abbott) for intrahepatic cholestasis

Micronized purified flavonoid fraction, «venoactive» agent

Mineral in supplement form. Not registered as medicine in EU or AEMPS

Mixed natural tocopherols with predominance of gamma- and delta-forms (plus alpha- and beta-tocopherol), supplement, marketed as «full-spectrum vitamin E», separate from pure alpha-tocopherol

Mixture of positional and geometric linoleic acid isomers; supplement for «fat burning» and sports nutrition; not registered as a medicine by AEMPS

Monophasic COC with natural estrogen

mTOR kinase inhibitor – immunosuppressant and antineoplastic

Mucolytic; paracetamol overdose antidote; glutathione precursor

Multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor – VEGFR, PDGFR, c-KIT, FLT3, RET

Multimodal antidepressant

Muscarinic blocker with additional calcium channel blockade

Muscarinic receptor antagonist for overactive bladder

Myotropic antispasmodics

Natural opium alkaloids

Natural vitamin E forms (4 isomers α, β, γ, δ)

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Neuropeptides and nootropics (local classification). Russian development.

Nicotine replacement therapy for tobacco dependence

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic (Z-drug), imidazopyridine

Non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist

Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker

Non-ergot dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist

Non-essential amino acid and urea-cycle intermediate. Normally produced in liver and gut from glutamine and converted in plasma to L-arginine and then nitric oxide (NO). Supplements market it as a «natural Viagra alternative», a «pump» agent for bodybuilders (vasodilation and muscle blood flow), and a remedy for blood pressure and cardiovascular health. Neither AEMPS nor EMA register it as a medicine; a specialty product (citrulline malate) exists for mitochondrial disorders and urea-cycle defects, but it is a specialised drug, not a supplement. AESAN classifies regular L-citrulline supplements as complementos alimenticios. FDA has issued no supplement approval.

Non-essential beta-amino acid, carnosine precursor. Supplement with IOC 2018 proven efficacy for 1-4 minute anaerobic performance

Non-hormonal intrauterine contraceptive device

Non-selective beta blocker

Non-selective beta blocker with class III antiarrhythmic activity

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, propionic acid derivatives

Non-steroidal antiandrogen

Nootropics (local classification). Russian and Japanese development.

Nootropics and vasoactive agents (local classification). Russian development.

NSAID, acetic acid derivative, COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor

NSAID, COX-2 preferential, oxicam derivative

NSAID, propionic acid derivative

Old «nootropics» (local classification)

Older-generation progestogen-only pill

Opioid analgesic – partial μ-opioid receptor agonist

Opioid analgesic – synthetic μ-opioid receptor agonist

Opioid analgesic with dual mechanism

Opioid analgesic, phenylpiperidine class

Oral hypoglycemic agents. Sulfonylureas

Organic nitrate, nitric oxide donor

Other antibacterials

Other antidepressants (NaSSA)

Other antidepressants (NDRI)

Other antivirals

Other antivirals with claimed immunostimulant effect

Other anxiolytics (local classification)

Other cardiac preparations; dietary supplements

Other cardiac preparations. Coenzyme Q10

Other dermatologicals (topical); peripheral vasodilators (systemic)

Other immunostimulants (synthetic peptides, local classification)

Other metabolic agents (local RU classification)

Other nervous system drugs. Parasympathomimetics

Other oral cavity preparations (local classification)

Other psychostimulants and nootropics

Other topical nasal preparations (local classification)

Over-the-counter botanical supplement, an extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root with glycyrrhizin removed (to eliminate the mineralocorticoid effect); marketed for peptic ulcer, functional dyspepsia and H. pylori

Over-the-counter botanical supplement, the inner bark of Ulmus rubra (slippery elm, a North American tree); a mucilage demulcent with traditional use for irritation of the gastrointestinal and throat mucosa

Over-the-counter botanical supplement, the resin of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia (Chios mastic), cultivated on the island of Chios in Greece; marketed for functional dyspepsia and H. pylori

Over-the-counter supplement, an acidic salt of betaine (trimethylglycine hydrochloride); marketed as a gastric acid replacement for «low stomach acid»; commonly combined with pepsin on iHerb and Amazon

Oxazolidinone antibiotic

Penicillins with extended spectrum

Pentose monosaccharide; complemento alimenticio with a claimed role in energy metabolism

Peripherally acting antiobesity drug – intestinal lipase inhibitor

Pharmacokinetic enhancer (booster) for antiretroviral therapy

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5)

Phospholipid (soy- or bovine-derived) supplement, marketed for age-related memory decline and cognitive biohacking

Phospholipid mixture, dietary supplement. A mass OTC «memory drug» and «hepatoprotector» in Russia. Essentiale (Sanofi, essential phospholipids) is a separate regulated medicine, registered by AEMPS and in Russia for NAFLD

Phospholipid-bound omega-3 (EPA and DHA) with astaxanthin from Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, supplement

Plant «testosterone booster» and aphrodisiac of Bulgarian folk medicine, supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine

Plant adaptogen from Ayurvedic medicine, supplement. Not registered as medicine in EU or AEMPS

Plant adaptogen, supplement. In EU – EMA HMPC assessment 2024; OTC tincture in Russia

Plant adaptogen, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC); OTC tincture in Russia

Plant adaptogen, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product per EMA HMPC monograph

Plant antioxidant from milk thistle fruits; IV silibinin is an antidote in Amanita phalloides poisoning

Plant antioxidant, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC monograph 2014)

Plant extract of Garcinia gummi-gutta (cambogia) fruits; weight-loss supplement; not registered as a medicine by AEMPS; FDA Safety Communications 2009 and 2017 on hepatotoxicity

Plant extract, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product per EMA HMPC monograph 2010 for BPH symptoms; AEMPS does not register as monomedicine

Plant flavonol, supplement. Natural polyphenol from strawberries, mangoes, onions, apples. The biohacking industry positions it as a «senolytic» – an agent that clears senescent cells

Plant immunomodulator, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC monograph 2013)

Plant immunomodulator, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC monograph on flowers, berries classified as food)

Plant indole derivative from cruciferous vegetables (food supplement under Spanish RD 1487/2009)

Plant isothiocyanate, supplement. Formed from glucoraphanin (Brassica oleracea) by myrosinase. Activator of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway

Plant nootropic adaptogen from Ayurvedic medicine, supplement. Not registered as medicine in EU or AEMPS

Plant pigment; in supplements as natural chlorophyll (E140) and the water-soluble copper-sodium complex chlorophyllin (E141). In the European Union it is registered as a food colourant under Regulation (EC) 1333/2008. On iHerb, Amazon and in Spanish herbolarios «liquid chlorophyll» is sold as detox, a source of «liquid sunshine», anti-age, and an acne remedy. AEMPS does not register it as a medicine; AESAN classifies it as a complemento alimenticio without therapeutic indication. FDA has a single OTC-approved use – internal deodorant for ostomy, ileostomy, and incontinence (21 CFR 357.850, Derifil 100 mg)

Plant polyphenol complex, supplement. Source of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), compositionally similar to pycnogenol

Plant polyphenol complex, supplement. Standardised maritime pine bark extract with 65–75% oligomeric proanthocyanidins

Plant product, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product per EMA HMPC monograph; AEMPS does not register as monomedicine

Plant source of L-DOPA. Used in Ayurveda for Parkinson disease; in the West – biohacking supplement

Plant stilbene, supplement. Natural polyphenol from blueberries, grapes and red sandalwood. Often sold combined with nicotinamide riboside (NR) in longevity complexes

Polyene antifungal antibiotic

Polyene systemic antifungal

Polysaccharide immunomodulator. Oat beta-glucan is a dietary fibre with EFSA-approved cholesterol health claim. Yeast beta-glucan (Wellmune) is a supplement with immunity marketing without EFSA approval

Posterior pituitary hormones

Potassium salt with systemic alkalinising effect, used for kidney stone prevention and hypokalaemia

Potassium-sparing diuretic, collecting duct sodium channel blocker

Potassium-sparing diuretics (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists)

Probiotic, Bifidobacterium genus bacteria. Supplement in Russia and Spain; marketing segment of «psychobiotics» promising gut-brain axis effects. AEMPS does not register it as a medicine

Probiotic, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG strain. Supplement in Russia and Spain; in the EU and US available as food supplement or medical food; AEMPS does not register it as a medicine

Progestogen-only contraceptive (POP + emergency contraception)

Progestogen-only long-acting injectable contraceptive

Progestogen-only pill (POP)

Progestogens — pregnadiene derivatives

Progestogens — progesterone derivatives

Prokinetic, 5-HT4 serotonin receptor agonist (withdrawn EU/US)

Prokinetic, dopamine D2 receptor antagonist

Prokinetic, peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist

Prostaglandin analogues, antiglaucoma agents

Proteolytic enzyme from Ananas comosus pineapple stem and fruit. EU registered NexoBrid (concentrate of proteolytic enzymes enriched in bromelain, EMA 2012) for enzymatic deep burn excision topical. Oral – supplement. AEMPS registered NexoBrid for specialised burn centre use

Provitamin A (plant precursor of retinol)

Psycholeptics. Lithium

Psychostimulants and nootropics. Other psychostimulants and nootropics

Quaternary ammonium muscarinic blocker for overactive bladder

Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Recombinant human growth hormone

Recombinant protein vaccine, stabilized prefusion F protein

Recombinant protein vaccine, VLP

Reversible MAO-A inhibitor (RIMA)

Reversible P2Y12 receptor inhibitor

Root of Glycyrrhiza glabra and related Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Glycyrrhiza inflata species. Supplements come as root extract, candy, tea, alcoholic tincture, and deglycyrrhizinated form (DGL, without glycyrrhizin). Marketing promotes licorice as «adrenal support», a remedy for «adrenal fatigue», and a «natural remedy for viruses and gastritis». EMA HMPC published a European herbal monograph (2013) with traditional uses in cough, dyspepsia, and skin irritation; AEMPS does not register it as a medicine; AESAN classifies it as a complemento alimenticio. FDA grants GRAS status as a food additive but in 2017 warned consumers of cardiac arrhythmia risk with intake above 56 g/day of black licorice candy in people over 40.

Root of the perennial legume Astragalus membranaceus and its extracts. In traditional Chinese medicine, Huang Qi is used to «tonify Qi»; modern marketing sells it as an «immune modulator», a «longevity and telomere supplement», and supportive care in oncology. Neither AEMPS nor EMA registers it as a medicine; the EMA HMPC has not published a dedicated monograph on astragalus. AESAN classifies it as a complemento alimenticio. FDA has issued no approval.

Second-generation antihistamine with additional PAF antagonism

Second-generation antihistamines

Second-generation fluoroquinolone

Second-generation HIV protease inhibitor

Second-generation oral cephalosporin

Second-generation systemic triazole antifungal

Seeds of the annual herb Nigella sativa and cold-pressed oil from them. Arabic and Indian traditional medicine used black seed for colds, parasites, diabetes, and skin disease. Modern supplement marketing sells it as an «immune booster», «natural insulin», «cancer remedy», and «general tonic». Neither AEMPS nor EMA registers it as a medicine; AESAN classifies it as a complemento alimenticio without therapeutic indication. FDA has issued no approval and the EMA HMPC has not published a monograph on Nigella sativa.

Selective 5-HT1B/1D serotonin receptor agonist

Selective beta-1 adrenergic blocker

Selective beta-adrenergic blockers

Selective calcium channel blocker, antivertigo and migraine prophylaxis agent

Selective COX-2 inhibitor (coxib)

Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)

Selective If channel inhibitor of the sinoatrial node

Selective immunosuppressant, mTOR inhibitor

Selective immunosuppressants

Selective intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitor

Selective irreversible MAO-B inhibitor

Selective irreversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitor

Selective M3 muscarinic blocker for overactive bladder

Selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist

Selective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor

Selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM)

Selective reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Selective serotonin 5HT1B/1D agonists (triptans)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Selective TRPV1 agonist, topical analgesic for neuropathic pain

Selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor

Selective β1-adrenoceptor blockers

Selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist for overactive bladder

Semi-synthetic opioid analgesic (μ-agonist)

Serine protease isolated from fermented soy natto. Supplements market it as a «natural blood thinner», «protection against stroke and thrombosis», and a «natural warfarin alternative». Neither AEMPS nor EMA register it as a medicine; AESAN classifies it as a complemento alimenticio without therapeutic indication. FDA has issued no approval and warned manufacturers in 2022 about illegal claims of myocardial infarction and stroke prevention.

Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) antidepressant

Short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonists (SABA)

Short-acting muscarinic antagonist for inhalation (SAMA)

Short-acting systemic glucocorticoid, identical to endogenous cortisol

Short-to-medium acting systemic glucocorticoid

SNRI (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor

Soluble and insoluble fibre from seed husk. AEMPS registered Plantaben and Cenat as medicinal products for chronic constipation and maintenance of normal defecation. ACG 2014 and NICE NG61 IBS 2017 list psyllium as the primary soluble fibre

Soluble fructan fibre, prebiotic. Supplement in Russia and Spain. EFSA approved health claim for chicory inulin on maintenance of normal defecation (2015). AEMPS does not register it as a medicine

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator

SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

Steroidal aromatase inhibitors

Stimulant laxatives

Structural macromineral of bone and ATP; pharmaceutical and parenteral forms are potassium, sodium and calcium phosphates

Subcutaneous long-acting hormonal implant (LARC)

Sulfonamide-trimethoprim combination

Sulfur-containing amino acid, supplement and energy-drink ingredient. In Russia registered as a medicine (Dibicor) for T2DM and CHF

Supplement of Allium sativum extract aged for 20 months and standardised to S-allylcysteine (SAC); sold under the Kyolic brand; not registered as a medicine by AEMPS

Symptomatic cold preparation: analgesic-antipyretic, H1-antihistamine, and sympathomimetic decongestant

Synthetic opioid, full mu-receptor agonist

Synthetic steroid with estrogenic, progestogenic and weak androgenic activity

Systemic antimycotics. Imidazole derivatives

Systemic glucocorticoid

Systemic glucocorticoid (oxazoline derivative)

Systemic retinoid (vitamin A derivative)

Testosterone 5α-reductase type 2 inhibitors

Testosterone 5α-reductase types 1 and 2 inhibitors

Tetraterpene carotenoid; pigment of tomatoes, rosehip, watermelon and grapefruit; sold as a supplement and as the food colorant E160d; not registered as a medicine by AEMPS

Thiazide-like diuretics

Thiazolidinedione (PPAR-γ agonist), oral antidiabetic

Third-generation cephalosporins

Third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker

Third-generation fluoroquinolone

Third-generation non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor

Third-generation oral cephalosporin

Third-generation sulfonylurea

Thrombopoietin receptor agonist (TPO-R)

Topical antibiotic

Topical antifungal (hydroxypyridone class)

Topical antifungal (morpholine class)

Topical antipsoriatic, synthetic vitamin D3 analogue

Topical carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor for ophthalmic use

Topical non-selective beta blocker for ophthalmic use

Topical prostaglandin F2α analogue for ophthalmic use

Topical prostamide / prostaglandin F2α analogue for ophthalmic use

Topical selective α2-adrenergic agonist for ophthalmic use

Trace cofactor mineral used in mineral supplements and parenteral nutrition

Trace cofactor mineral, used in parenteral nutrition and supplements

Trace cofactor of molybdenum-dependent enzymes, supplement and parenteral nutrition component

Trace element with no established human biological role, supplement

Trace element; substrate of thyroid hormone synthesis

Trace mineral, supplement marketed for blood sugar control and weight loss

Traditional Chinese medicine herbal product (food supplement under Spanish RD 1487/2009)

Triazole derivatives, systemic antifungals

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)

Tripeptide antioxidant (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine); cofactor of glutathione S-transferase

Triple fixed-dose combination: dihydropyridine CCB, angiotensin II receptor blocker, and thiazide diuretic

Triple fixed-dose combination: dopamine precursor, peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, and COMT inhibitor

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Urea cycle amino acid, adjunct for hyperammonaemia

Vinca alkaloid, microtubule assembly inhibitor

Vitamin B12 (European form of choice) and cyanide poisoning antidote

Vitamin B7 (H). Water-soluble vitamin, cofactor of four carboxylases. AEMPS registers biotin as a medicine for treating confirmed deficiency; in multivitamins and mono-supplements – dietary supplement

Vitamin D analogue (25-hydroxy metabolite)

Vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants

Vitamin K1, haemostatic, antidote for coumarin anticoagulant overdose

Vitamin K1. Haemostatics. Antagonist of indirect anticoagulants

Vitamins. Antioxidants

Vitamins. Regulator of calcium-phosphorus metabolism

Vitamins. γ-glutamyl carboxylase cofactor

Water-soluble B-vitamin; cofactor of methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

Water-soluble dietary fibre from konjac root (Amorphophallus konjac); the only weight-loss supplement with an EFSA-approved health claim under Regulation 432/2012

Water-soluble vitamin B1

Water-soluble vitamin B2

Water-soluble vitamin B3 (amide form)

Water-soluble vitamin B5

X-ray contrast media. Watersoluble nephrotropic low-osmolar iodinated agents

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors

Xanthophyll carotenoid, supplement marketed for retinal blue-light protection

Xanthophyll carotenoid, supplement marketed for vision and skin support

Yeast probiotic. AEMPS registered Enterol (Biocodex) as a medicinal product for AAD, travellers diarrhoea and adjunct therapy for C. difficile

All drugs in database →

Frequently asked

Which cosmetic ingredients should be avoided during pregnancy?

All retinoids (tretinoin, adapalene, retinol, retinaldehyde, retinoic acid, retinyl esters), hydroquinone, oxybenzone, octocrylene, phthalates, formaldehyde-releasers. Glycolic and salicylic acid above 2% are also avoided.

What do the FDA pregnancy categories mean?

A – safety confirmed in RCTs with pregnant women. B – no demonstrated risk in animal RCTs, limited human data. C – risk cannot be excluded; use only if benefit outweighs risk. D – evidence of risk; use only in life-threatening situations. X – contraindicated.

Are SPF filters safe during pregnancy?

Mineral filters (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide) are safe. Among chemical filters, oxybenzone and octocrylene are avoided. Modern UVA filters (Tinosorb S/M, Mexoryl SX/XL/400, Uvinul A Plus) have no risk data.

Can retinol be used during pregnancy?

No. All forms of retinoids (tretinoin, retinol, retinaldehyde, adapalene, isotretinoin, retinyl esters) are linked to teratogenic effects and are contraindicated during pregnancy. Alternatives: niacinamide, azelaic acid, bakuchiol, peptides.

Related

Educational material that does not replace consultation with an OB-GYN or internist. Any therapy adjustment during pregnancy should be discussed with the prescribing clinician.