Pregnancy: what is safe, what to avoid

• Candesartan + Hydrochlorothiazide
• Irbesartan + Hydrochlorothiazide
• Losartan + Hydrochlorothiazide
• Olmesartan + Hydrochlorothiazide
• Telmisartan + Hydrochlorothiazide
• Valsartan + Hydrochlorothiazide

• Atorvastatin + Ezetimibe
• Rosuvastatin + Ezetimibe
• Simvastatin + Ezetimibe

• Melissa officinalis (leaf extract)
• Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata, aerial parts)
• Valeriana officinalis (root extract)

• Atorvastatin
• Rosuvastatin
• Simvastatin

• Beclomethasone dipropionate
• Budesonide
• Fluticasone propionate

• Ambroxol
• Bromhexine
• Carbocisteine

• Diclofenac
• Ibuprofen
• Ketorolac

• Kagocel
• Tilorone
• Vitaglutam

• Azoximer bromide
• Glucosaminyl muramyl dipeptide
• Meglumine acridone acetate

• Cerebrolysin (porcine brain peptides)
• Cytoflavin (succinic acid, nicotinamide, riboflavin, inosine complex)
• Deproteinized hemoderivative from calf blood

• Insulin aspart
• Insulin glulisine
• Insulin lispro

• Bilastine
• Desloratadine
• Ebastine
• Fexofenadine
• Levocetirizine

• Fluvastatin
• Pitavastatin
• Pravastatin

• Eletriptan
• Frovatriptan
• Naratriptan
• Zolmitriptan

• 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)Direct serotonin precursor, supplement (not registered as medicine in EU or US)
• AbirateroneAndrogen biosynthesis inhibitors
• AceclofenacNSAID, acetic acid derivative, COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor
• Acetyl-L-carnitineAcetylated ester of L-carnitine; supplement with claimed neurotropic effect
• AcetylcysteineMucolytic; paracetamol overdose antidote; glutathione precursor
• Acetylsalicylic acidAntiplatelet agents (low dose) / NSAIDs (analgesic dose)
• AciclovirAntiviral – nucleoside analogue
• AclidiniumLong-acting muscarinic antagonist for inhalation (LAMA)
• AdalimumabBiologic – tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) inhibitor
• AdemetionineAmino acids and derivatives. Hepatoprotective agent
• Aged garlic extract (AGE, Kyolic)Supplement of Allium sativum extract aged for 20 months and standardised to S-allylcysteine (SAC); sold under the Kyolic brand; not registered as a medicine by AEMPS
• AgomelatineAntidepressant – melatonin agonist and 5-HT2C antagonist
• Alendronic acidNitrogen-containing bisphosphonate
• Alloferon (Allokin-alfa)Immunomodulators, antivirals (local classification). Russian development.
• AllopurinolXanthine oxidase inhibitors
• AlmagateAntacid (aluminium magnesium hydroxide carbonate)
• AlmotriptanSelective serotonin 5HT1B/1D agonists (triptans)
• Alpha-lipoic acid (thioctic acid, ALA)Antioxidant; cofactor of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
• Alpha-tocopherolFat-soluble vitamin E
• AlprazolamBenzodiazepines. Short-to-medium-acting anxiolytics
• Aminodihydrophthalazinedione sodiumImmunomodulators (local classification). Russian development.
• AmiodaroneClass III antiarrhythmics (Vaughan Williams)
• AmisulprideAtypical antipsychotic of the benzamide class
• AmitriptylineTricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
• AmlodipineCalcium channel blockers (dihydropyridines)
• Amlodipine + OlmesartanFixed-dose combination: dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker plus angiotensin II receptor blocker
• Amlodipine + Olmesartan + HydrochlorothiazideTriple fixed-dose combination: dihydropyridine CCB, angiotensin II receptor blocker, and thiazide diuretic
• Amlodipine + ValsartanFixed-dose combination: dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker plus angiotensin II receptor blocker
• Amlodipine + Valsartan + HydrochlorothiazideTriple fixed-dose combination: dihydropyridine CCB, angiotensin II receptor blocker, and thiazide diuretic
• AmorolfineTopical antifungal (morpholine class)
• AmoxicillinPenicillins with extended spectrum
• Amoxicillin + Clavulanic AcidFixed-dose combination: aminopenicillin plus beta-lactamase inhibitor
• Amphotericin BPolyene systemic antifungal
• Anaferon (anti-human interferon gamma antibodies in homeopathic dilutions)Homeopathic medicines
• Anas Barbariae Hepatis et Cordis Extractum (homeopathic)Homeopathic products (local classification)
• AnastrozoleThird-generation non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor
• Andrographis paniculataPlant immunomodulator, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC monograph 2013)
• Antibodies to S-100 brain-specific protein (homeopathic)Homeopathic products (local classification)
• ApigeninFlavonoid from chamomile, parsley and celery; supplement for sleep and «anti-ageing»; not registered as a drug by AEMPS or EMA; EFSA has not approved related health claims
• ApixabanDirect oral anticoagulants (factor Xa inhibitors)
• AripiprazoleAtypical antipsychotic – dopamine partial agonist
• Artichoke (Cynara scolymus)Herbal preparation, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC). In Russia OTC product Hofitol is registered
• Ascorbic acidVitamins. Antioxidants
• Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)Dietary supplements, plant adaptogens (local classification)
• AstaxanthinDietary supplements, carotenoids (local classification)
• Astragalus root (Astragalus membranaceus; Huang Qi in traditional Chinese medicine)Root of the perennial legume Astragalus membranaceus and its extracts. In traditional Chinese medicine, Huang Qi is used to «tonify Qi»; modern marketing sells it as an «immune modulator», a «longevity and telomere supplement», and supportive care in oncology. Neither AEMPS nor EMA registers it as a medicine; the EMA HMPC has not published a dedicated monograph on astragalus. AESAN classifies it as a complemento alimenticio. FDA has issued no approval.
• AtazanavirAntiretroviral, HIV protease inhibitor
• AtenololSelective beta-1 adrenergic blocker
• AtomoxetineCentrally acting sympathomimetics
• AzathioprineImmunosuppressants, thiopurines
• Azilsartan medoxomilAngiotensin II receptor blocker
• Azilsartan medoxomil + chlorthalidoneFixed-dose combination: angiotensin II receptor blocker with a thiazide-like diuretic
• AzithromycinMacrolides
• Bacopa monnieri (brahmi)Plant nootropic adaptogen from Ayurvedic medicine, supplement. Not registered as medicine in EU or AEMPS
• Bacterial lysates OM-85Other immunostimulants
• Beetroot juice / dietary nitrate (Beta vulgaris)Food product rich in inorganic nitrate; sold as a sports supplement and a «biohack» BP-lowering aid; not registered as a medicine by AEMPS
• BenzocaineLocal anesthetic, aminobenzoic acid ester
• BenzydamineNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent for topical use in the mouth and throat
• BerberineDietary supplements, plant alkaloids (local classification)
• Beta-1,3/1,6-D-glucan (yeast or oat)Polysaccharide immunomodulator. Oat beta-glucan is a dietary fibre with EFSA-approved cholesterol health claim. Yeast beta-glucan (Wellmune) is a supplement with immunity marketing without EFSA approval
• Beta-alanineNon-essential beta-amino acid, carnosine precursor. Supplement with IOC 2018 proven efficacy for 1-4 minute anaerobic performance
• Beta-caroteneProvitamin A (plant precursor of retinol)
• Beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)Leucine metabolite, sport supplement and for sarcopenia. AEMPS does not register as medicine
• BetahistineHistamine analogue, antivertigo agent
• Betaine (trimethylglycine, TMG)Methyl donor; agent for the alternative homocysteine remethylation pathway
• Betaine hydrochlorideOver-the-counter supplement, an acidic salt of betaine (trimethylglycine hydrochloride); marketed as a gastric acid replacement for «low stomach acid»; commonly combined with pepsin on iHerb and Amazon
• BetamethasoneGlucocorticoid for systemic use
• BicalutamideNon-steroidal antiandrogen
• Bifidobacterium longumProbiotic, Bifidobacterium genus bacteria. Supplement in Russia and Spain; marketing segment of «psychobiotics» promising gut-brain axis effects. AEMPS does not register it as a medicine
• Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus fruit extract)Herbal preparation, EMA HMPC traditional herbal medicinal product
• BimatoprostTopical prostamide / prostaglandin F2α analogue for ophthalmic use
• BiotinVitamin B7 (H). Water-soluble vitamin, cofactor of four carboxylases. AEMPS registers biotin as a medicine for treating confirmed deficiency; in multivitamins and mono-supplements – dietary supplement
• BisacodylStimulant laxatives
• BisoprololSelective beta-adrenergic blockers
• Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)Herbal product for menopausal symptoms (food supplement under Spanish RD 1487/2009)
• Black seed (Nigella sativa)Botanical supplement, black seed oil (Nigella sativa, thymoquinone); no EMA HMPC monograph
• BoronTrace element with no established human biological role, supplement
• BoswelliaBotanical supplement, gum resin of Boswellia serrata (Indian frankincense), standardised by AKBA (acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid); popular iHerb «joint health» category
• BrimonidineTopical selective α2-adrenergic agonist for ophthalmic use
• BrivudineAntiviral, nucleoside analogue
• BromazepamAnxiolytics, benzodiazepine derivatives
• Bromelain (pineapple enzyme)Proteolytic enzyme from Ananas comosus pineapple stem and fruit. EU registered NexoBrid (concentrate of proteolytic enzymes enriched in bromelain, EMA 2012) for enzymatic deep burn excision topical. Oral – supplement. AEMPS registered NexoBrid for specialised burn centre use
• BromocriptineDopamine D2 receptor agonist, ergot derivative
• Budesonide/formoterolInhaled corticosteroid (ICS) plus long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) combination with rapid onset
• Buprenorphine (transdermal)Opioid analgesic – partial μ-opioid receptor agonist
• BupropionOther antidepressants (NDRI)
• CabergolineLong-acting dopamine D2 receptor agonist, ergot derivative
• CaffeinePsychostimulant, xanthine derivative
• Calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D)Vitamin D analogue (25-hydroxy metabolite)
• CalcipotriolTopical antipsoriatic, synthetic vitamin D3 analogue
• Calcium (oral salts: carbonate, citrate, lactate, gluconate)Mineral supplements. Calcium
• Calcium + CholecalciferolFixed-dose combination: calcium salt (carbonate) plus vitamin D3
• Calcium carbonateMineral supplements. Calcium
• Calcium D-glucarateCalcium salt of D-glucaric acid (food supplement under Spanish RD 1487/2009)
• Calcium dobesilateCapillary-stabilizing and venoactive agent
• CandesartanAngiotensin II receptor blocker
• CapecitabineAntineoplastic, oral prodrug of 5-FU
• CapsaicinSelective TRPV1 agonist, topical analgesic for neuropathic pain
• CaptoprilACE inhibitor
• CarbamazepineAntiepileptics. Carboxamide derivatives
• CarbomerArtificial tear in gel form, polyacrylic polymer
• CarvedilolAlpha and beta blocker (non-selective β + α1)
• Cat's clawBotanical supplement, bark of the Uncaria tomentosa vine (cat's claw, una de gato) from Peruvian and Ecuadorian Amazonia; sold on iHerb for immunity, used in Peru for rheumatic pain and peptic ulcer
• CefalexinFirst-generation cephalosporin
• Cefditoren pivoxilThird-generation oral cephalosporin
• CeftriaxoneThird-generation cephalosporins
• Cefuroxime axetilSecond-generation oral cephalosporin
• CelecoxibSelective COX-2 inhibitor (coxib)
• CetirizineSecond-generation antihistamines
• CetylpyridiniumCationic quaternary ammonium antiseptic for topical use in the mouth and throat
• Chaga (Inonotus obliquus)Medicinal mushroom parasitising birch. In Russia OTC «Befungin» registered, in the West – supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine
• Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla / recutita, flowers)Herbal preparation, EMA HMPC traditional herbal medicinal product
• ChloramphenicolAmphenicol antibiotic for systemic use
• ChlorellaFreshwater unicellular green alga (Chlorella vulgaris / pyrenoidosa), supplement, marketed for «mercury detox»
• ChlorhexidineBiguanide antiseptic for skin and mucous membranes
• Chlorophyll (chlorophyllin copper-sodium complex)Plant pigment; in supplements as natural chlorophyll (E140) and the water-soluble copper-sodium complex chlorophyllin (E141). In the European Union it is registered as a food colourant under Regulation (EC) 1333/2008. On iHerb, Amazon and in Spanish herbolarios «liquid chlorophyll» is sold as detox, a source of «liquid sunshine», anti-age, and an acne remedy. AEMPS does not register it as a medicine; AESAN classifies it as a complemento alimenticio without therapeutic indication. FDA has a single OTC-approved use – internal deodorant for ostomy, ileostomy, and incontinence (21 CFR 357.850, Derifil 100 mg)
• ChloropyramineFirst-generation H1 antihistamine, ethylenediamine derivative
• ChlorpheniramineFirst-generation moderately sedating antihistamine
• ChlorpromazineFirst-generation antipsychotic, aliphatic-side-chain phenothiazine
• ChlortalidoneLong-acting thiazide-like diuretic
• CholecalciferolVitamins. Regulator of calcium-phosphorus metabolism
• Cholecalciferol + menaquinone-7 (D3+K2 combo)Combined supplement: fat-soluble vitamins D3 and K2
• Choline (umbrella: bitartrate, phosphatidylcholine, lecithin)Essential nutrient-like substance; precursor of acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine
• Choline alfoscerateOther nervous system drugs. Parasympathomimetics
• Choline bitartrateEssential nutrient, dietary supplement. The basic choline form used in supplements. Not registered as a medicine in the EU or USA; sold as a supplement in Russia
• Chromium picolinateTrace mineral, supplement marketed for blood sugar control and weight loss
• CiclopiroxTopical antifungal (hydroxypyridone class)
• CiclosporinImmunosuppressants. Calcineurin inhibitors
• CinitaprideBenzamide prokinetic with combined serotonin and dopamine receptor activity
• CinnarizineCalcium channel blocker with antihistamine activity
• CiprofloxacinFluoroquinolone antibacterials
• CisaprideProkinetic, 5-HT4 serotonin receptor agonist (withdrawn EU/US)
• CitalopramSSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
• CiticolineOther psychostimulants and nootropics
• ClarithromycinMacrolide antibiotic
• ClindamycinLincosamide antibiotic
• Clobazam1,5-benzodiazepine antiepileptic
• ClonidineCentral α2-adrenergic agonist
• CloperastineCough suppressant with central and peripheral action
• ClopidogrelAntiplatelet agents – P2Y12 receptor inhibitors
• ClotrimazoleImidazole derivatives, topical antifungals
• ClozapineAtypical antipsychotic – dibenzodiazepine
• Co-trimoxazoleSulfonamide-trimethoprim combination
• CobicistatPharmacokinetic enhancer (booster) for antiretroviral therapy
• Cod liver oilCod liver oil: EPA and DHA combined with retinol (vitamin A) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3); registered as a medicine in Spain
• ColchicineAntigout agents
• Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)Mixture of positional and geometric linoleic acid isomers; supplement for «fat burning» and sports nutrition; not registered as a medicine by AEMPS
• CopperTrace cofactor mineral, used in parenteral nutrition and supplements
• Copper intrauterine deviceNon-hormonal intrauterine contraceptive device
• Cordyceps (Cordyceps sinensis, Cordyceps militaris)Medicinal mushroom of Tibetan and Chinese medicine, supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine
• Cortexin (bovine brain cortex polypeptides)Other psychostimulants and nootropics (local classification)
• COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA (Moderna)mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
• COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech)mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
• Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)Herbal preparation for recurrent urinary tract infection prevention. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC). AEMPS does not register as medicine; sold as supplement
• Creatine monohydrateDietary supplements, sports nutraceuticals (local classification)
• Curcumin (Curcuma longa extract)Herbal anti-inflammatory agents
• CyanocobalaminVitamins. Haemopoietic stimulants
• Cyproterone acetateAntiandrogen with progestogenic activity
• Cyproterone acetate + EthinylestradiolAntiandrogenic COC
• D-aspartic acid (DAA)D-enantiomer of aspartic acid, sport and biohacking supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine
• D-chiro-inositolInositol stereoisomer, supplement. Usually used combined with myo-inositol in 40:1 ratio
• D-ribosePentose monosaccharide; complemento alimenticio with a claimed role in energy metabolism
• DabigatranDirect thrombin inhibitor
• DapagliflozinSodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor
• DaptomycinCyclic lipopeptide antibiotic
• DarunavirSecond-generation HIV protease inhibitor
• DeferasiroxIron chelating agents
• DeflazacortSystemic glucocorticoid (oxazoline derivative)
• Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL)Over-the-counter botanical supplement, an extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root with glycyrrhizin removed (to eliminate the mineralocorticoid effect); marketed for peptic ulcer, functional dyspepsia and H. pylori
• Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, prasterone)Endogenous C19 steroid precursor; an EU prescription drug for adrenal insufficiency and a vaginal form (Intrarosa); a freely available supplement in the United States
• DenosumabBiologic – RANKL inhibitor
• DesogestrelProgestogen-only pill (POP)
• DexamethasoneGlucocorticoids
• DexchlorpheniramineFirst-generation sedating antihistamine
• DexketoprofenNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, propionic acid derivatives
• DextromethorphanCentrally acting cough suppressant
• DiazepamAnxiolytics. Benzodiazepine derivatives
• DigoxinCardiac glycosides (digitalis)
• DihydroergotamineErgot alkaloid, 5-HT1B/1D and alpha-adrenoceptor agonist
• Diindolylmethane (DIM)Indole-3-carbinol metabolite from cruciferous vegetables, supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine
• DiltiazemCalcium channel blocker, non-DHP (benzothiazepine derivative)
• DimenhydrinateFirst-generation antihistamine, ethanolamine derivative, antiemetic
• Dimethyl FumarateImmunomodulator for disease-modifying therapy of multiple sclerosis
• DimetindeneAntihistamine for topical use
• DiosmectiteIntestinal adsorbents (natural smectite)
• Diosmin/hesperidinMicronized purified flavonoid fraction, «venoactive» agent
• DiphenhydramineFirst-generation sedating antihistamine
• DisopyramideClass Ia antiarrhythmic with antimuscarinic activity
• DisulfiramDrug for alcohol use disorder, aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor
• DofetilideClass III antiarrhythmic, selective IKr blocker
• DomperidoneProkinetic, peripheral dopamine D2 receptor antagonist
• DonepezilSelective reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
• Dong quai (Angelica sinensis)Traditional Chinese medicine herbal product (food supplement under Spanish RD 1487/2009)
• DorzolamideTopical carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor for ophthalmic use
• DoxazosinLong-acting selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonist
• DoxycyclineTetracyclines
• DoxylamineFirst-generation antihistamine (ethanolamine); antiemetic in combination with pyridoxine
• Doxylamine/pyridoxineCombination of H1-antihistamine and vitamin B6
• DronedaroneClass III antiarrhythmic
• DroperidolFirst-generation antipsychotic, butyrophenone. Used as antiemetic.
• Drospirenone + ethinylestradiolCombined oral contraceptives — antimineralocorticoid progestin
• DrotaverineMyotropic antispasmodics
• DuloxetineSNRI
• DutasterideTestosterone 5α-reductase types 1 and 2 inhibitors
• Dutasteride + TamsulosinFixed-dose combination: 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor plus selective alpha-1a-adrenoceptor blocker
• DydrogesteroneProgestogens — pregnadiene derivatives
• Echinacea purpurea (juice/extract)Herbal immunomodulators (local classification)
• EfavirenzAntiretroviral, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)
• Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)Plant immunomodulator, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC monograph on flowers, berries classified as food)
• Eleutherococcus senticosus («Siberian ginseng»)Plant adaptogen, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC); OTC tincture in Russia
• EltrombopagThrombopoietin receptor agonist (TPO-R)
• EmpagliflozinSodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)
• EnalaprilAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi)
• Enalapril + HydrochlorothiazideFixed-dose combination: ACE inhibitor plus thiazide diuretic
• Enoxaparin sodiumLow-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)
• EnoxolonePlant-derived anti-inflammatory agent, a liquorice root derivative
• EntecavirGuanosine nucleoside analogue, anti-HBV agent
• Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG, main green tea polyphenol)Catechin polyphenol from green tea (Camellia sinensis), supplement. EFSA 2018 limited safe dose from supplements to 800 mg/day due to hepatotoxicity
• EplerenoneSelective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
• Ergoferon (antibodies to γ-interferon, CD4, and histamine in homeopathic dilutions)Homeopathic preparation marketed as an immunomodulator (local classification)
• ErgotamineErgot alkaloid, 5-HT1B/1D and alpha-adrenoceptor agonist
• ErythromycinMacrolide antibiotic
• EscitalopramSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Eslicarbazepine acetateAntiepileptic, carboxamide derivative
• EsomeprazoleDrugs for peptic ulcer and GORD. Proton pump inhibitors
• Essential phospholipidsLiver therapy (local classification)
• EstradiolEstrogens — natural and semisynthetic
• Estradiol + Nomegestrol acetateMonophasic COC with natural estrogen
• Estradiol valerate + DienogestCOC with natural estrogen (quadriphasic)
• EthanolSkin antiseptic and disinfectant
• EthinylestradiolEstrogens. Natural and semisynthetic estrogens, plain
• Ethinylestradiol + DesogestrelCombined oral contraceptives (COC), third generation
• Ethinylestradiol + GestodeneCOC third generation with gestodene
• Ethinylestradiol + LevonorgestrelCombined oral contraceptives (COC), second generation
• Ethinylestradiol + NorgestimateCOC with norgestimate
• Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinateOther metabolic agents (local RU classification)
• Etonogestrel (implant)Subcutaneous long-acting hormonal implant (LARC)
• Etonogestrel + Ethinylestradiol (vaginal ring)Combined hormonal contraceptive, vaginal route
• EtoricoxibSelective COX-2 inhibitor (coxib)
• EverolimusmTOR kinase inhibitor – immunosuppressant and antineoplastic
• ExemestaneSteroidal aromatase inhibitors
• EzetimibeSelective intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitor
• FabomotizoleOther anxiolytics (local classification)
• FamciclovirAntiviral nucleoside analogue for herpes infections (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV)
• FamotidineH2-histamine receptor antagonist
• FebuxostatSelective xanthine oxidase inhibitor
• FentanylOpioid analgesic – synthetic μ-opioid receptor agonist
• FesoterodineMuscarinic receptor antagonist for overactive bladder
• FinasterideTestosterone 5α-reductase type 2 inhibitors
• Fisetin (flavonol from strawberries, mangoes and onions)Plant flavonol, supplement. Natural polyphenol from strawberries, mangoes, onions, apples. The biohacking industry positions it as a «senolytic» – an agent that clears senescent cells
• FlecainideClass Ic antiarrhythmic
• FlucloxacillinBeta-lactamase-resistant penicillin
• FluconazoleAntifungals, triazole derivatives
• FludrocortisoneSystemic mineralocorticoid
• FlunarizineSelective calcium channel blocker, antivertigo and migraine prophylaxis agent
• FluorouracilAntineoplastic, pyrimidine analogue (5-FU)
• FluoxetineSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• FlurbiprofenNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, propionic acid derivative, for topical throat treatment
• FluticasoneInhaled and intranasal corticosteroid
• Fluticasone furoate (nasal)Intranasal corticosteroid
• FluvoxamineSSRI
• Folic acidVitamins. Haemopoietic stimulants
• Follitropin alfaRecombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• FormoterolLong-acting selective β2-agonist with rapid onset (rapid-onset LABA)
• FosfomycinOther antibacterials
• FurosemideLoop diuretics
• GabapentinGabapentinoids (antiepileptics)
• GalantamineAcetylcholinesterase inhibitor with allosteric nicotinic modulation
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)Inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter; as a supplement – amino acid for oral use
• Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid, HCA)Plant extract of Garcinia gummi-gutta (cambogia) fruits; weight-loss supplement; not registered as a medicine by AEMPS; FDA Safety Communications 2009 and 2017 on hepatotoxicity
• GemfibrozilLipid-lowering agent of the fibrate class
• GentamicinAminoglycoside antibiotic
• Ginkgo biloba extractHerbal agents for cognitive disorders
• GlibenclamideOral hypoglycemic agents. Sulfonylureas
• GliclazideSulfonylureas
• GlimepirideThird-generation sulfonylurea
• Glucomannan (Amorphophallus konjac)Water-soluble dietary fibre from konjac root (Amorphophallus konjac); the only weight-loss supplement with an EFSA-approved health claim under Regulation 432/2012
• GlucosamineAminomonosaccharide; supplement / OTC product positioned as a chondroprotective agent
• Glucosamine + ChondroitinChondroprotector. Glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate as monoproducts are registered by AEMPS as medicines for symptomatic treatment of mild-to-moderate knee osteoarthritis (Xicil, Pharma Mar; Condrosulf, Condrosan, Bioiberica). Fixed combinations are more often dietary supplements. In Russia, Dona and Structum are registered as medicines
• GlutathioneTripeptide antioxidant (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine); cofactor of glutathione S-transferase
• GlycerolRectal laxative, osmotic and stimulant
• Glycine (as a marketed «nootropic»)Other psychostimulants and nootropics (local classification)
• Glycyrrhizic acid + phospholipidsLiver therapy (local classification, «hepatoprotectors»)
• Granisetron5HT3 serotonin receptor antagonist
• Grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera, oligomeric proanthocyanidins)Plant polyphenol complex, supplement. Source of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), compositionally similar to pycnogenol
• GuaifenesinExpectorant
• HaloperidolFirst-generation antipsychotics. Butyrophenone derivatives
• Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna / laevigata)Medicinal plant; EMA HMPC well-established use for mild nervous tension and traditional use in mild chronic heart failure; standardised WS 1442 extract (Crataegutt)
• Hepatitis A vaccine, inactivatedInactivated viral vaccine
• Hepatitis B vaccine, recombinantRecombinant protein vaccine
• HidrosminBioflavonoid, «venoactive» agent
• Holy basil, tulsi (Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum tenuiflorum)Plant adaptogen from Ayurvedic medicine, supplement. Not registered as medicine in EU or AEMPS
• Hopantenic acid (calcium hopantenate)Nootropics (local classification). Russian and Japanese development.
• HorsetailBotanical supplement, aerial parts of Equisetum arvense (field horsetail), source of silica and flavonoids; in the EU registered as a traditional-use herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC) for mild diuretic effect; sold on iHerb as silica for «skin, hair and nails»
• HPV vaccine, nonavalentRecombinant protein vaccine, VLP
• Huperzine A (Huperzia serrata)Alkaloid of Chinese club moss (Huperzia serrata, Lycopodium serratum), a selective reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Registered as a prescription medicine Shuangyiping for Alzheimer disease in China. No marketing authorisation in the EU or USA; sold as a dietary supplement
• Hyaluronic Acid (oral)Dietary supplement. Glycosaminoglycan produced by bacterial fermentation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus. AEMPS does not register oral hyaluronic acid as a medicine; intra-articular and topical forms (M09AX01, S01KA01) are registered medicines
• HydralazineDirect arteriolar vasodilator
• HydrochlorothiazideThiazide diuretics
• HydrocortisoneShort-acting systemic glucocorticoid, identical to endogenous cortisol
• Hydrolysed Collagen Peptides (type I and III)Dietary supplement, hydrolysate of animal or marine connective tissue. In Russia and Spain sold as dietary supplement. AEMPS does not register oral collagen as a medicine
• HydroxocobalaminVitamin B12 (European form of choice) and cyanide poisoning antidote
• HydroxychloroquineAntimalarials, aminoquinolines
• HydroxyzineFirst-generation antihistamine with anxiolytic activity
• Hyoscine butylbromideAntispasmodic, quaternary ammonium belladonna alkaloid
• Hypericum perforatumAntidepressants. Other antidepressants of herbal origin
• HypromelloseArtificial tear, ocular surface lubricant
• Imudon (polyvalent bacterial lysate)Other oral cavity preparations (local classification)
• Inactivated influenza vaccineInactivated subunit or split influenza vaccine
• IndapamideThiazide-like diuretics
• Indole-3-carbinol (I3C)Plant indole derivative from cruciferous vegetables (food supplement under Spanish RD 1487/2009)
• Inosine pranobexOther antivirals with claimed immunostimulant effect
• InsulinInsulins and analogues (general card; individual products require separate cards)
• Insulin degludecUltra-long-acting insulin analogue
• Insulin detemirLong-acting insulin analogue
• Insulin glargineLong-acting insulin analogue
• Insulin human isophane (NPH)Intermediate-acting human insulin
• Interferon alpha-2b (nasal formulations)Other topical nasal preparations (local classification)
• Interferon α-2b in suppositoriesInterferons (suppositories, local classification)
• Inulin (chicory/agave/Jerusalem artichoke prebiotic)Soluble fructan fibre, prebiotic. Supplement in Russia and Spain. EFSA approved health claim for chicory inulin on maintenance of normal defecation (2015). AEMPS does not register it as a medicine
• Iodine (umbrella: potassium iodide, kelp / Fucus vesiculosus)Trace element; substrate of thyroid hormone synthesis
• IopromideX-ray contrast media. Watersoluble nephrotropic low-osmolar iodinated agents
• Ipratropium bromideShort-acting muscarinic antagonist for inhalation (SAMA)
• IrbesartanAngiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB, sartan)
• Iron oral (salts: sulfate, bisglycinate, fumarate, gluconate, polymaltose; heme iron polypeptide, lactoferrin)Oral iron preparations; antianaemic agents
• IsavuconazoleSecond-generation systemic triazole antifungal
• IsopropanolSkin antiseptic and disinfectant
• Isosorbide dinitrateOrganic nitrate, nitric oxide donor
• Isosorbide mononitrateLong-acting organic nitrate
• IsotretinoinSystemic retinoid (vitamin A derivative)
• ItraconazoleAntifungal, triazole
• IvabradineSelective If channel inhibitor of the sinoatrial node
• Ivy leaf dry extract (Hedera helix)Herbal expectorant
• KetoconazoleSystemic antimycotics. Imidazole derivatives
• KetoprofenNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, propionic acid derivative
• KetotifenAntihistamine + mast cell stabilizer
• Krill oilPhospholipid-bound omega-3 (EPA and DHA) with astaxanthin from Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, supplement
• L-arginineConditionally essential amino acid, NO precursor. Sport and cardio-biohacking supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine
• L-citrulline (free form and L-citrulline malate for sports formulas)Non-essential amino acid and urea-cycle intermediate. Normally produced in liver and gut from glutamine and converted in plasma to L-arginine and then nitric oxide (NO). Supplements market it as a «natural Viagra alternative», a «pump» agent for bodybuilders (vasodilation and muscle blood flow), and a remedy for blood pressure and cardiovascular health. Neither AEMPS nor EMA register it as a medicine; a specialty product (citrulline malate) exists for mitochondrial disorders and urea-cycle defects, but it is a specialised drug, not a supplement. AESAN classifies regular L-citrulline supplements as complementos alimenticios. FDA has issued no supplement approval.
• L-glutamine (free amino acid)Conditionally essential amino acid; the main nitrogen source for nucleotide synthesis and fuel for enterocytes and immune cells. Normally supplied by dietary protein (meat, fish, eggs, dairy, legumes) and synthesised in skeletal muscle. Supplements market it as a remedy for «leaky gut», post-workout recovery, immune support in cancer patients, and a sugar-craving reducer. Neither AEMPS nor EMA registers it for supplement indications; a specialty drug exists (Endari, L-glutamine, FDA-approved) for sickle-cell disease to reduce pain-crisis frequency – this is a specialised clinical niche, not a supplement. AESAN classifies general L-glutamine supplements as complementos alimenticios.
• L-lysineEssential amino acid
• L-ornithineUrea cycle amino acid, adjunct for hyperammonaemia
• L-theanineAmino acid from green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis), supplement
• L-threonine + pyridoxine (Biotredin)Combined metabolic preparations (local classification). Russian development.
• L-tryptophanEssential amino acid, precursor of serotonin, melatonin and niacin. In the UK registered by MHRA as Optimax for resistant depression
• L-tyrosineConditionally essential amino acid, precursor of catecholamines and thyroid hormones
• LabetalolAlpha- and beta-blocker
• LacosamideAntiepileptic – selective sodium channel modulator
• Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)Probiotic, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG strain. Supplement in Russia and Spain; in the EU and US available as food supplement or medical food; AEMPS does not register it as a medicine
• LactoferrinBovine colostrum and human-milk glycoprotein supplement marketed as «immune modulator», «iron support» and «antiviral»
• LamotrigineAntiepileptic with dual mechanism
• LansoprazoleProton pump inhibitor (PPI)
• LatanoprostProstaglandin analogues, antiglaucoma agents
• Lecithin (soy or sunflower phosphatidylcholine)Phospholipid mixture, dietary supplement. A mass OTC «memory drug» and «hepatoprotector» in Russia. Essentiale (Sanofi, essential phospholipids) is a separate regulated medicine, registered by AEMPS and in Russia for NAFLD
• LeflunomideSelective immunosuppressants
• LenalidomideImmunomodulatory drug (IMiD), thalidomide derivative
• LercanidipineThird-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker
• LetrozoleThird-generation non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor
• LevetiracetamAntiepileptics (other)
• Levocarnitine (L-carnitine)Amino acid derivative; cofactor for long-chain fatty acid transport into mitochondria
• Levodopa + Carbidopa + EntacaponeTriple fixed-dose combination: dopamine precursor, peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, and COMT inhibitor
• LevofloxacinThird-generation fluoroquinolone
• Levomefolate (L-methylfolate, 5-MTHF)Active form of vitamin B9, ready for methylation reactions
• LevonorgestrelProgestogen-only contraceptive (POP + emergency contraception)
• Levonorgestrel (intrauterine system)Long-acting intrauterine hormonal system (LARC)
• Levothyroxine sodiumThyroid hormones
• Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra, root and rhizome; including deglycyrrhizinated DGL)Root of Glycyrrhiza glabra and related Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Glycyrrhiza inflata species. Supplements come as root extract, candy, tea, alcoholic tincture, and deglycyrrhizinated form (DGL, without glycyrrhizin). Marketing promotes licorice as «adrenal support», a remedy for «adrenal fatigue», and a «natural remedy for viruses and gastritis». EMA HMPC published a European herbal monograph (2013) with traditional uses in cough, dyspepsia, and skin irritation; AEMPS does not register it as a medicine; AESAN classifies it as a complemento alimenticio. FDA grants GRAS status as a food additive but in 2017 warned consumers of cardiac arrhythmia risk with intake above 56 g/day of black licorice candy in people over 40.
• LidocaineAmide-type local anaesthetic and class Ib antiarrhythmic (systemic use, codes C01BB01 and N01BB02)
• LinagliptinDipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor – gliptin
• LinezolidOxazolidinone antibiotic
• Lion's mane (Hericium erinaceus)Medicinal mushroom, supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine
• Lion's Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus)Medicinal mushroom; in supplements – dried mycelium or fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus. Marketed on iHerb, Amazon, and in Spanish herbolarios as a «natural nootropic», nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulant, and remedy for dementia, anxiety, and ADHD. AEMPS does not register it as a medicine; AESAN classifies it as a complemento alimenticio without therapeutic indication. FDA has no approved indication.
• LiraglutideGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist
• LisinoprilACE inhibitors
• LithiumPsycholeptics. Lithium
• LoperamideAntipropulsives
• LoratadineSecond-generation antihistamines
• LorazepamAnxiolytics, benzodiazepine derivatives
• LormetazepamIntermediate-acting benzodiazepine hypnotic
• LornoxicamNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, oxicam
• LosartanAngiotensin II receptor blockers (sartans)
• LovastatinHMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin)
• LuteinXanthophyll carotenoid, supplement marketed for vision and skin support
• Lutein + zeaxanthinCarotenoids. Antioxidants for vision
• LycopeneTetraterpene carotenoid; pigment of tomatoes, rosehip, watermelon and grapefruit; sold as a supplement and as the food colorant E160d; not registered as a medicine by AEMPS
• MacaBotanical supplement, Peruvian maca root (Lepidium meyenii), marketed for male and female sexual function
• Magnesium (oral salts: citrate, glycinate, oxide, sulfate)Mineral supplements. Macrominerals
• Magnesium hydroxideMagnesium-based antacid and osmotic laxative
• Magnesium L-threonate (Magtein)Magnesium chelate with L-threonic acid in a specific stoichiometry; the patented Magtein form, developed as a Stanford / MIT spinout; sold as a «magnesium for the brain» supplement
• Magnesium sulfateMagnesium salt: intravenous solution and oral saline laxative
• ManganeseTrace cofactor mineral used in mineral supplements and parenteral nutrition
• ManidipineCalcium channel blockers, dihydropyridine
• Mastic gumOver-the-counter botanical supplement, the resin of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia (Chios mastic), cultivated on the island of Chios in Greece; marketed for functional dyspepsia and H. pylori
• MebeverineAntispasmodics (myotropic)
• Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT, coconut oil C8–C10)Medium-chain fatty acids C8 (caprylic) and C10 (capric), extracted from coconut and palm kernel oil. Supplement. In clinical medicine MCT is used in enteral and parenteral nutrition in malabsorption syndrome, cystic fibrosis and ketogenic diet for drug-resistant epilepsy. AEMPS does not register it as a monoproduct medicine
• Medroxyprogesterone acetate depotProgestogen-only long-acting injectable contraceptive
• MelatoninHypnotics. Melatonin receptor agonists
• MeldoniumMetabolic agents (local classification). Russian and Latvian development.
• MeloxicamNSAID, COX-2 preferential, oxicam derivative
• MemantineNon-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist
• Menaquinone (vitamin K2)Vitamins. γ-glutamyl carboxylase cofactor
• Menaquinone-7Fat-soluble vitamin K2 (MK-7 form)
• MeperidineOpioid analgesic, phenylpiperidine class
• MeropenemCarbapenem antibiotic for intravenous use
• MesalazineLocally acting intestinal aminosalicylate
• Metamizole sodiumAnalgesics and antipyretics. Pyrazolones
• MetforminBiguanides. Oral antihyperglycemic agents
• MethadoneSynthetic opioid, full mu-receptor agonist
• MethotrexateAntimetabolites, folic acid analogues
• MethylcobalaminActive coenzyme form of vitamin B12
• MethyldopaCentrally-acting antiadrenergic agent
• MethylphenidateCentrally acting psychostimulant
• MethylprednisoloneSystemic glucocorticoid
• Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)Dietary supplement. Organic sulphur compound, dimethyl sulfone. AEMPS does not register as a medicine; in Russia and Spain – dietary supplement
• Methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue)Antidotes (V03AB17). The drug has one FDA-approved indication – methaemoglobinaemia. Biohacker use is off-label.
• MetoclopramideProkinetic, dopamine D2 receptor antagonist
• MetoprololSelective β1-adrenoceptor blockers
• MetronidazoleImidazole derivatives (antiprotozoal / antibacterial)
• MiconazoleImidazole antifungal
• MifepristoneAntiprogestins, selective progesterone receptor modulators
• MinoxidilOther dermatologicals (topical); peripheral vasodilators (systemic)
• MirabegronSelective β3-adrenoceptor agonist for overactive bladder
• MirtazapineOther antidepressants (NaSSA)
• Mixed tocopherolsMixed natural tocopherols with predominance of gamma- and delta-forms (plus alpha- and beta-tocopherol), supplement, marketed as «full-spectrum vitamin E», separate from pure alpha-tocopherol
• MMR – measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (live)Combined live attenuated viral vaccine
• MoclobemideReversible MAO-A inhibitor (RIMA)
• MolybdenumTrace cofactor of molybdenum-dependent enzymes, supplement and parenteral nutrition component
• MometasoneInhaled, intranasal, and topical corticosteroid
• Mometasone furoate (nasal)Intranasal corticosteroid
• Monolaurin (glycerol monolaurate)Lauric acid derivative, supplement. No medicinal status in EU or Russia. AEMPS and AESAN do not register monolaurin as a medicine
• MontelukastLeukotriene receptor antagonists
• MorphineNatural opium alkaloids
• MoxifloxacinFourth-generation fluoroquinolone
• MoxonidineCentrally acting antihypertensive, imidazoline I1 receptor agonist
• Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean)Plant source of L-DOPA. Used in Ayurveda for Parkinson disease; in the West – biohacking supplement
• MupirocinTopical antibiotic
• Mycophenolate mofetilImmunosuppressant, selective inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor
• Myo-inositolInositol stereoisomer, supplement. Has evidence base in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• N-acetyl-L-tyrosineAcetylated form of L-tyrosine, marketed nootropic supplement
• NaloxoneAntidotes, opioid receptor antagonists
• NaproxenNSAID, propionic acid derivative
• Nattokinase (serine protease from fermented soybean natto, Bacillus subtilis var. natto)Serine protease isolated from fermented soy natto. Supplements market it as a «natural blood thinner», «protection against stroke and thrombosis», and a «natural warfarin alternative». Neither AEMPS nor EMA register it as a medicine; AESAN classifies it as a complemento alimenticio without therapeutic indication. FDA has issued no approval and warned manufacturers in 2022 about illegal claims of myocardial infarction and stroke prevention.
• NebivololHighly selective β1-blocker with endothelial nitric oxide release
• NicotinamideWater-soluble vitamin B3 (amide form)
• Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)Dietary supplements, NAD+ precursors (local classification)
• Nicotinamide riboside (NR)Dietary supplements, NAD+ precursors (local classification)
• NicotineNicotine replacement therapy for tobacco dependence
• Nicotinic acid (niacin)Lipid-modifying agent, nicotinic acid derivative; vitamin B3 in acid form
• NifedipineDihydropyridine calcium channel blocker
• NifuroxazideIntestinal antimicrobial
• NimesulideAntiinflammatory and antirheumatic agents, non-steroids. Other NSAIDs
• NintedanibTyrosine kinase inhibitors
• NitroglycerinOrganic nitrate
• Noopept (N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester)Nootropics (local classification). Russian development.
• Norelgestromin + Ethinylestradiol (transdermal patch)Combined hormonal contraceptive, transdermal route
• NorethisteroneOlder-generation progestogen-only pill
• NorfloxacinSecond-generation fluoroquinolone
• NystatinPolyene antifungal antibiotic
• OlanzapineAtypical antipsychotic – thienobenzodiazepine
• Olive leaf extract (Olea europaea, oleuropein)Plant antioxidant, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC monograph 2014)
• Olmesartan medoxomilAngiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB, sartan)
• Omega-3 triglycerides (EPA and DHA)Lipid-modifying agents. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
• Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and GLA)Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids
• Omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid)Monounsaturated fatty acids
• OmeprazoleProton pump inhibitors
• Ondansetron5-HT3 serotonin receptor antagonist
• OrlistatPeripherally acting antiobesity drug – intestinal lipase inhibitor
• OseltamivirNeuraminidase inhibitors
• Otilonium bromideIntestinal antispasmodic, quaternary ammonium compound
• OxycodoneSemi-synthetic opioid analgesic (μ-agonist)
• Oxycodone + NaloxoneFixed-dose combination: long-acting opioid analgesic plus peripheral opioid receptor antagonist
• OxymetazolineTopical nasal vasoconstrictor, imidazoline derivative
• OxytocinPosterior pituitary hormones
• PaliperidoneAtypical antipsychotic – active metabolite of risperidone
• PalmitoylethanolamideEndogenous fatty-acid amide (aliamide); in Italy and Spain registered as a complemento alimenticio and «specialty food for medical purposes» for chronic neuropathic pain
• Panax ginseng (Korean/Chinese ginseng)Plant adaptogen, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC); OTC tincture in Russia
• PancreatinDigestives. Multienzyme preparations
• PantoprazoleProton pump inhibitors
• Pantothenic acidWater-soluble vitamin B5
• ParacetamolAnilides. Analgesics and antipyretics
• Paracetamol + Chlorpheniramine + PhenylephrineSymptomatic cold preparation: analgesic-antipyretic, H1-antihistamine, and sympathomimetic decongestant
• ParoxetineSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
• Perindopril + IndapamideFixed-dose combination: ACE inhibitor plus thiazide-like diuretic
• PhenazepamAnxiolytics. Benzodiazepine derivatives
• PhenelzineAntidepressant, irreversible non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-A and MAO-B)
• PhenibutOther anxiolytics (local classification)
• PhenobarbitalAntiepileptics. Barbiturates
• Phenylpiracetam (fonturacetam)Nootropics (local classification). Russian development.
• PhenytoinAntiepileptic, hydantoin derivative (sodium channel blocker)
• PhosphatidylserinePhospholipid (soy- or bovine-derived) supplement, marketed for age-related memory decline and cognitive biohacking
• PhosphorusStructural macromineral of bone and ATP; pharmaceutical and parenteral forms are potassium, sodium and calcium phosphates
• PhytomenadioneVitamin K1, haemostatic, antidote for coumarin anticoagulant overdose
• Picamilon (nicotinoyl-GABA)Nootropics and vasoactive agents (local classification). Russian development.
• PimavanserinAtypical antipsychotic, selective 5-HT2A inverse agonist
• PimozideFirst-generation antipsychotic, diphenylbutylpiperidine derivative
• PioglitazoneThiazolidinedione (PPAR-γ agonist), oral antidiabetic
• PiracetamOld «nootropics» (local classification)
• Piracetam + cinnarizineCombination nootropic (local classification)
• PirfenidoneAntifibrotic agents
• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV20Conjugate polysaccharide vaccine
• PomalidomideImmunomodulatory drug (IMiD)
• PosaconazoleSecond-generation systemic triazole antifungal
• Potassium citratePotassium salt with systemic alkalinising effect, used for kidney stone prevention and hypokalaemia
• Potassium iodideIodine therapy for thyroid function
• Povidone-iodineBroad-spectrum antiseptic, iodine product
• PramipexoleNon-ergot dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist
• PrednisoloneGlucocorticoids
• PrednisoneShort-to-medium acting systemic glucocorticoid
• PregabalinGabapentinoids (antiepileptics)
• PregnenoloneEndogenous C21 steroid precursor; sold as a supplement on iHerb and Amazon; not registered as a drug in the EU
• Probiotics (Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Saccharomyces boulardii)Probiotic microorganisms
• Progesterone, micronizedProgestogens — progesterone derivatives
• PromethazineFirst-generation phenothiazine antihistamine, strongly sedating
• PropafenoneClass Ic antiarrhythmic with beta-blocking activity
• PropiverineMuscarinic blocker with additional calcium channel blockade
• Propolis (bee product)Bee product, supplement. Not registered as monomedicine in EU or AEMPS; OTC segment in Italy and Germany
• PropranololNon-selective beta blocker
• Proteolytic enzyme complex (bromelain, papain, pancreatin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, rutoside)Combined enzyme preparations, systemic enzyme therapy (local classification)
• PseudoephedrineSystemic decongestant, sympathomimetic
• Psyllium (Plantago ovata, ispaghula husk)Soluble and insoluble fibre from seed husk. AEMPS registered Plantaben and Cenat as medicinal products for chronic constipation and maintenance of normal defecation. ACG 2014 and NICE NG61 IBS 2017 list psyllium as the primary soluble fibre
• Pterostilbene (dimethyl resveratrol analogue)Plant stilbene, supplement. Natural polyphenol from blueberries, grapes and red sandalwood. Often sold combined with nicotinamide riboside (NR) in longevity complexes
• Pumpkin seed extractBotanical supplement, pumpkin seed extract (Cucurbita pepo); EMA HMPC traditional-use herbal medicinal product for BPH symptoms and overactive bladder; sold on iHerb and Amazon for «prostate health» and women's «urinary comfort»
• Pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita maxima)Plant product, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product per EMA HMPC monograph; AEMPS does not register as monomedicine
• Pycnogenol (French maritime pine bark extract, Pinus pinaster)Plant polyphenol complex, supplement. Standardised maritime pine bark extract with 65–75% oligomeric proanthocyanidins
• Pygeum africanumBotanical supplement, bark extract of African plum (Prunus africana); EMA HMPC traditional-use herbal medicinal product for BPH symptoms; popular iHerb and Amazon «prostate health» category
• Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)Vitamins. Coenzyme
• Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)Dietary supplements, redox cofactors (local classification)
• QuercetinDietary supplements, flavonoids (local classification). Also registered in Russia as an angioprotective agent.
• QuetiapineAtypical antipsychotics
• QuinidineClass Ia antiarrhythmic (sodium channel blocker with intermediate kinetics)
• RabeprazoleProton pump inhibitor (PPI)
• RamiprilAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I)
• RanolazineAntianginal – late sodium current inhibitor
• RasagilineSelective irreversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitor
• Red clover (Trifolium pratense)Herbal source of isoflavones (food supplement under Spanish RD 1487/2009)
• Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum, lingzhi)Medicinal mushroom of traditional Chinese medicine, supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine
• RepaglinideMeglitinide – short-acting oral insulin secretagogue
• ResveratrolDietary supplements, plant polyphenols (local classification)
• RetinolFat-soluble vitamin A
• Rhodiola rosea (golden root)Plant adaptogen, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product per EMA HMPC monograph
• RiboflavinWater-soluble vitamin B2
• RifabutinAntitubercular, rifamycin derivative
• RifampicinAntituberculous antibiotic
• RiociguatSoluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator
• Risedronic acidNitrogen-containing bisphosphonate
• RisperidoneAtypical antipsychotic – dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist
• RitonavirHIV protease inhibitor / pharmacokinetic booster
• RivaroxabanDirect oral anticoagulants (factor Xa inhibitors)
• RivastigmineAcetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor
• RizatriptanSelective 5-HT1B/1D serotonin receptor agonist
• RoflumilastSelective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor
• RopiniroleNon-ergot dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist
• Royal jellyBee product, secretion of pharyngeal glands of worker honeybees (Apis mellifera), supplement with high allergen risk
• RSV vaccine, recombinant (maternal)Recombinant protein vaccine, stabilized prefusion F protein
• RupatadineSecond-generation antihistamine with additional PAF antagonism
• Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745Yeast probiotic. AEMPS registered Enterol (Biocodex) as a medicinal product for AAD, travellers diarrhoea and adjunct therapy for C. difficile
• Sacubitril + ValsartanAngiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI)
• Saffron (Crocus sativus stigma extract)Herbal antidepressant supplement, standardised affron® and Safr'Inside® extracts
• Salbutamol (Albuterol)Short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonists (SABA)
• SalmeterolLong-acting selective β2-agonist (LABA, bronchodilator)
• Salmeterol + FluticasoneFixed-dose combination: long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)
• Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens)Dietary supplements and phytotherapeutics, sabal palm fruit extracts (local classification)
• Schisandra chinensis (magnolia berry)Plant adaptogen, supplement. In EU – EMA HMPC assessment 2024; OTC tincture in Russia
• Sea buckthornHerbal preparation, sea buckthorn berries and seeds (Hippophae rhamnoides); in Russia sea buckthorn oil is a registered medicinal product for topical use
• Selank (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro)Anxiolytics (local classification). Russian development.
• SelegilineSelective irreversible MAO-B inhibitor
• Selenium (oral salts and chelates: selenomethionine, sodium selenite, selenium yeast)Mineral supplements. Trace elements
• SemaglutideGLP-1 receptor agonists
• Semax (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro)Neuropeptides and nootropics (local classification). Russian development.
• SertralineSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• SildenafilPhosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5)
• Silicon (organic silicon, silica from horsetail or bamboo)Mineral in supplement form. Not registered as medicine in EU or AEMPS
• SilodosinHighly selective α1A-adrenergic blocker
• Silymarin (Silybum marianum)Plant antioxidant from milk thistle fruits; IV silibinin is an antidote in Amanita phalloides poisoning
• SimeticoneDrugs for functional bowel disorders. Antifoaming agents
• SirolimusSelective immunosuppressant, mTOR inhibitor
• SitagliptinDipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor
• Sitagliptin + MetforminFixed-dose combination: DPP-4 inhibitor plus biguanide
• Slippery elm (inner bark)Over-the-counter botanical supplement, the inner bark of Ulmus rubra (slippery elm, a North American tree); a mucilage demulcent with traditional use for irritation of the gastrointestinal and throat mucosa
• Sodium alginateAnti-reflux agent forming a protective raft
• Sodium bicarbonateSystemic alkalinizing agent, antacid
• Sodium deoxyribonucleate (Derinat)Immunomodulators (local classification). Russian development.
• Sodium lauryl sulfoacetateRectal laxative, wetting agent
• Sodium picosulfateLocal stimulant laxative, triarylmethane derivative
• SolifenacinAntimuscarinic for overactive bladder
• SomatropinRecombinant human growth hormone
• SotalolNon-selective beta blocker with class III antiarrhythmic activity
• SpermidineDietary supplements, polyamines (local classification)
• SpironolactonePotassium-sparing diuretics (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists)
• SpirulinaCyanobacterium (Arthrospira platensis / maxima), supplement, plant protein source, marketed as «detox» and «superfood»
• Stinging nettle leafBotanical supplement, stinging nettle leaf (Urtica dioica folium); in the EU registered as a traditional-use herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC) for mild rheumatic pain and as a diuretic; sold on iHerb for «blood detox» and immunity. NOTE: nettle root (Urtica dioica radix) is a different product, indicated for benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica, radix)Plant extract, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product per EMA HMPC monograph 2010 for BPH symptoms; AEMPS does not register as monomedicine
• SulfasalazineIntestinal aminosalicylate and disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)
• Sulforaphane (isothiocyanate from broccoli sprouts)Plant isothiocyanate, supplement. Formed from glucoraphanin (Brassica oleracea) by myrosinase. Activator of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway
• SumatriptanSelective 5-HT1B/1D serotonin receptor agonist
• SunitinibMulti-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor – VEGFR, PDGFR, c-KIT, FLT3, RET
• TacrolimusCalcineurin inhibitor (immunosuppressant)
• TadalafilPhosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor
• TamoxifenSelective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
• TamsulosinAlpha-adrenergic blockers for prostatic disorders
• TapentadolOpioid analgesic with dual mechanism
• TaurineSulfur-containing amino acid, supplement and energy-drink ingredient. In Russia registered as a medicine (Dibicor) for T2DM and CHF
• Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA)Bile acid, conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid with taurine. RX medicine in Japan; in EU/US sold as supplement. AEMPS does not register it as a medicine. Not registered in Russia via GRLS
• Tdap – tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis vaccineCombined inactivated bacterial vaccine (Td + acellular pertussis)
• TelmisartanAngiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)
• TerbinafineAllylamine antifungal (systemic and topical)
• TetryzolineTopical ophthalmic sympathomimetic, decongestant
• TheophyllineMethylxanthine
• ThiamazoleAntithyroid preparations. Sulfur-containing imidazole derivatives
• ThiamineWater-soluble vitamin B1
• ThiocolchicosideCentrally acting muscle relaxant
• TiboloneSynthetic steroid with estrogenic, progestogenic and weak androgenic activity
• TicagrelorReversible P2Y12 receptor inhibitor
• TimololTopical non-selective beta blocker for ophthalmic use
• TinidazoleAntiprotozoal and antibacterial, 5-nitroimidazole derivative
• TiotropiumLong-acting muscarinic antagonist for inhalation (LAMA)
• TirzepatideBlood glucose lowering drugs, GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists
• TocotrienolsNatural vitamin E forms (4 isomers α, β, γ, δ)
• TolperisoneCentrally acting muscle relaxant
• TolterodineMuscarinic receptor antagonist for overactive bladder
• Tongkat ali (Eurycoma longifolia)Botanical supplement, Eurycoma longifolia root, traditional Malaysian and Indonesian medicine; sold on iHerb and Amazon as a «natural testosterone booster», adaptogen and aphrodisiac. NOTE: in 2016-2019 the FDA recalled tongkat ali products for lead contamination and adulteration with synthetic PDE-5 inhibitors
• TopiramateAntiepileptic with multiple mechanisms
• TorasemideLoop diuretic – sulfonamide derivative
• TramadolOther opioids
• Tramadol + ParacetamolFixed-dose combination: weak opioid with SNRI activity plus non-opioid analgesic
• Tranexamic acidAntifibrinolytics, amino acids
• TranylcypromineAntidepressant, irreversible non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-A and MAO-B), amphetamine derivative
• TravoprostTopical prostaglandin F2α analogue for ophthalmic use
• TrazodoneSerotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) antidepressant
• TriamterenePotassium-sparing diuretic, collecting duct sodium channel blocker
• Tribulus terrestris (puncture vine)Plant «testosterone booster» and aphrodisiac of Bulgarian folk medicine, supplement. AEMPS does not register as medicine
• TrimebutineGI motility regulator, peripheral opioid receptor agonist
• TrimethoprimAntibacterial, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
• TrospiumQuaternary ammonium muscarinic blocker for overactive bladder
• Turkey tail (Trametes versicolor, Coriolus versicolor)Medicinal mushroom. In Japan PSK (Krestin) approved as chemotherapy adjuvant for gastric cancer since 1977. In EU and AEMPS not registered as medicine; sold as supplement
• Ubidecarenone (coenzyme Q10)Other cardiac preparations. Coenzyme Q10
• Ulipristal acetateSelective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM)
• UmifenovirOther antivirals
• Urolithin A (ellagitannin metabolite, mitophagy activator)Ellagitannin metabolite, supplement. Formed by gut microbiota from ellagitannins in pomegranates, walnuts and raspberries. Synthetic form Mitopure (Amazentis) is patented and sold in EU and US
• Ursodeoxycholic acidBile acid preparations
• UstekinumabBiologic – interleukin-12 and -23 inhibitor
• ValacyclovirAntiviral – aciclovir prodrug
• Valproic acidAntiepileptics. Fatty acid derivatives
• ValsartanAngiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
• VardenafilPhosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor
• VenlafaxineSNRI (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
• VerapamilNon-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker
• VildagliptinDipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor
• Vildagliptin + MetforminFixed-dose combination: DPP-4 inhibitor plus biguanide
• VincristineVinca alkaloid, microtubule assembly inhibitor
• VinpocetinePsychostimulants and nootropics. Other psychostimulants and nootropics
• Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)Water-soluble B-vitamin; cofactor of methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
• Vitex agnus-castus (chasteberry, monk's pepper)Herbal preparation for PMS, supplement. In EU – traditional herbal medicinal product (EMA HMPC). AEMPS does not register as medicine
• VoriconazoleTriazole derivatives, systemic antifungals
• VortioxetineMultimodal antidepressant
• WarfarinVitamin K antagonist anticoagulants
• XylometazolineTopical nasal vasoconstrictor, imidazoline derivative
• ZeaxanthinXanthophyll carotenoid, supplement marketed for retinal blue-light protection
• Zinc (oral salts: picolinate, citrate, gluconate, oxide, acetate)Mineral supplements. Trace elements
• ZiprasidoneAtypical antipsychotic – indole derivative
• ZolpidemNon-benzodiazepine hypnotic (Z-drug), imidazopyridine
• ZonisamideAntiepileptic with multiple mechanisms
• α-Glutamyl-L-tryptophanOther immunostimulants (synthetic peptides, local classification)

All retinoids (tretinoin, adapalene, retinol, retinaldehyde, retinoic acid, retinyl esters), hydroquinone, oxybenzone, octocrylene, phthalates, formaldehyde-releasers. Glycolic and salicylic acid above 2% are also avoided.

A – safety confirmed in RCTs with pregnant women. B – no demonstrated risk in animal RCTs, limited human data. C – risk cannot be excluded; use only if benefit outweighs risk. D – evidence of risk; use only in life-threatening situations. X – contraindicated.

Mineral filters (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide) are safe. Among chemical filters, oxybenzone and octocrylene are avoided. Modern UVA filters (Tinosorb S/M, Mexoryl SX/XL/400, Uvinul A Plus) have no risk data.

No. All forms of retinoids (tretinoin, retinol, retinaldehyde, adapalene, isotretinoin, retinyl esters) are linked to teratogenic effects and are contraindicated during pregnancy. Alternatives: niacinamide, azelaic acid, bakuchiol, peptides.